2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语
（一）试题及答案解析
2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题 SectionⅠUseofEnglish
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreach numberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(20 points)
Trustisatrickybusiness.Ontheonehand,it'sanecessarycondition __1__manyworthwhilethings:childcare,friendships,etc.Ontheother hand,puttingyour__2__,inthewrongplaceoftencarriesahigh__3__. __4__,whydowetrustatall?Well,becauseitfeelsgood.__5__people placetheirtrustinanindividualoraninstitution,theirbrainsrelease oxytocin,ahormonethat__6__peasurablefeelingsandtriggersthe herdinginstructthatpromptshumansto__7__withoneanother. Scientistshavefoundthatexposure__8__thishormoneputsusina trusting__9__:InaSwissstudy,researcherssprayedoxytocinintothe nosesofhalfthesubjects;thosesubjectswerereadytolendsignificantly higheramountsofmoneytostrangersthanweretheir__10__who inhaledsomethingelse.
__11__forus,wealsohaveasixthsensefordishonestythatmay__12__
us.ACanadianstudyfoundthatchildrenasyoungas14monthscan differentiate__13__acrediblepersonandadishonestone.Sixtytoddlers wereeach__14__toanadulttesterholdingaplasticcontainer.Thetester wouldask,\andexclaiming,\Halfofthemfoundatoy;theotherhalf__16__thecontainerwas empty—andrealizedthetesterhad__17__them.
Amongthechildrenwhohadnotbeentricked,themajoritywere__18__ tocooperatewiththetesterinlearninganewskill,demonstratingthat theytrustedhisleadership.__19__,onlyfiveofthe30childrenpaired withthe\1.A.onB.likeC.forD.from
2.A.faithB.concernC.attentionD.interest 3.A.benefitB.debtC.hopeD.price 4.A.ThereforeB.ThenC.InsteadD.Again 5.A.UntilB.UnlessC.AlthoughD.When 6.A.selectsB.producesC.appliesD.maintains 7.A.consultB.competeC.connectD.compare 8.A.atB.byC.ofD.to
9.A.contextB.moodC.periodD.circle
10.A.counterpartsB.substitutesC.colleaguesD.supporters 11.A.FunnyB.LuckyC.OddD.Ironic
12.A.monitorB.protectC.surpriseD.delight 13.A.betweenB.withinC.towardD.over
14.A.transferredB.addedC.introducedD.entrusted 15.A.outB.backC.aroundD.inside
16.A.discoveredB.provedC.insistedD.remembered 17.A.betrayedB.wrongedC.fooledD.mocked 18.A.forcedB.willingC.hesitantD.entitled
19.A.IncontrastB.AsaresultC.OnthewholeD.Forinstance 20.A.inflexibleB.incapableC.unreliableD.unsuitable SectionⅡReadingComprehension PartA
Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbelow eachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWER SHEET.(40points) Text1
Amongtheannoyingchallengesfacingthemiddleclassisonethat willprobablygounmentionedinthenextpresidentialcampaign:What happenswhentherobotscomefortheirjobs?
Don'tdismissthatpossibilityentirely.AbouthalfofU.S.jobsareat highriskofbeingautomated,accordingtoaUniversityofOxfordstudy, withthemiddleclassdisproportionatelysqueezed.Lower-incomejobs likegardeningordaycaredon'tappealtorobots.Butmanymiddle-class
occupations—trucking,financialadvice,softwareengineering—have arousedtheirinterest,orsoonwill.Therichowntherobots,sotheywill befine.
Thisisn'ttobealarmist.Optimistspointoutthattechnological upheavalhasbenefitedworkersinthepast.TheIndustrialRevolution didn'tgosowellforLudditeswhosejobsweredisplacedbymechanized looms,butiteventuallyraisedlivingstandardsandcreatedmorejobs thanitdestroyed.Likewise,automationshouldeventuallyboost productivity,stimulatedemandbydrivingdownprices,andfreeworkers fromhard,boringwork.Butinthemediumterm,middle-classworkers mayneedalotofhelpadjusting.
Thefirststep,asErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeeargueinThe SecondMachineAge,shouldberethinkingeducationandjobtraining. Curriculums—fromgrammarschooltocollege—shouldevolvetofocus lessonmemorizingfactsandmoreoncreativityandcomplex communication.Vocationalschoolsshoulddoabetterjoboffostering problem-solvingskillsandhelpingstudentsworkalongsiderobots. Onlineeducationcansupplementthetraditionalkind.Itcouldmakeextra trainingandinstructionaffordable.Professionalstryingtoacquirenew skillswillbeabletodosowithoutgoingintodebt.
Thechallengeofcopingwithautomationunderlinestheneedforthe U.S.toreviveitsfadingbusinessdynamism:Startingnewcompanies
mustbemadeeasier.Inpreviouserasofdrastictechnologicalchange, entrepreneurssmoothedthetransitionbydreamingupwaystocombine laborandmachines.Thebestusesof3Dprintersandvirtualreality haven'tbeeninventedyet.TheU.S.needsthenewcompaniesthatwill inventthem.
Finally,becauseautomationthreatenstowidenthegapbetween capitalincomeandlaborincome,taxesandthesafetynetwillhavetobe rethought.Taxesonlow-wagelaborneedtobecut,andwagesubsidies suchastheearnedincometaxcreditshouldbeexpanded:Thiswould boostincomes,encouragework,rewardcompaniesforjobcreation,and reduceinequality.
Technologywillimprovesocietyinwaysbigandsmalloverthenext fewyears,yetthiswillbelittlecomforttothosewhofindtheirlivesand careersupendedbyautomation.Destroyingthemachinesthatarecoming
forourjobswouldbenuts.Butpoliciestohelpworkersadaptwillbe indispensable.
21.Whowillbemostthreatenedbyautomation? A.Leadingpoliticians. B.Low-wagelaborers. C.Robotowners. D.Middle-classworkers.