(7)针对数量提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是： How many + 名词复数 + are there + 介词短语? How much + 不可数名词 + is there + 介词短语? (8)针对主语提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是： What’s + 介词短语? (9)There be结构一般用在句子的开头，而have等词只能用于某一个主语后面。
八、冠词
1、冠词分类：英语中冠词有不定冠词和定冠词两种,常放在名词的前面,用来限定名词的意义,起泛指或特指的作用。
2、不定冠词a / an的用法：用在单数名词的前面,a用在辅音开头的词前面; an用在元音开头的词的前面。
(1)表示某一个人或东西,但不具体说明何人或何物。如：There is a dog lying on the ground.
(2)表示某类人或事物,以区别于其他种类。如：A elephant is much stronger than a man.
(3)表示某类人或事物中的任何一个。如：He is a teacher of English. (4) 表示“一”这个数量。如：There is a table and four chairs in that dining-room.
(5)几个用不定冠词的习语：
a bit(一点), a little(一点), a few(几个), a lot (许多), a kind of(一种), a pair of(一副、一双), a number of(大量的), a piece of (一张、一片), half an hour(半
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小时), have a good time(玩得开心), have a cold(感冒), make a noise(发出嘈杂声), have/take a rest等(休息)一会儿,等等。 3、定冠词the的用法：定冠词the用在可数名词的单数或复数或不可数的名词前面。 (1)表示特指的人或事物。如：The man with a flower in his hand is Jack. (2)指谈话双方都熟悉的人或事物。如：Look at the blackboard, Lily. (3)复述前面提到过的人或事物。如：There is a man under the tree. The man is called Robert. (4)表示世界上独一无二的事物。如：The earth turns around the sun. (5)用在表示方位的名词前面。如：There will be strong wind to the south of the Yangtze River. (6)在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。如：Who is the first one to go? / Of all the stars, the sun is the nearest to the earth. (在所有的恒星之中太阳离地球最近) (7)常用在乐器名称的前面。如：He began to play the violin at the age of 5. (8)用在江河、海洋、山脉等名称的前面。如：I have never been to the Himalaya Mountains. (9)用在含有普通名词的专有名词的前面。如：He is from the United States of America. (10)用在姓氏之前表示一家人。如：The Greens are going to Mount Emei next month. (11)same之前一般用the。如：Lucy and Lily look the same. 17
(12)几个用定冠词的习语：at the same time (与此同时),make the bed(铺床),in the end(最后),all the time(一直),by the way(顺便说一下),on the way(在路上)等等。 4、一些不用冠词的情况： (1)专有名词和(第一次使用)一些不可数名词时前面通常不用。如：China is a very large country.(中国是个大国) / Man needs air and water.(人类需要空气和水) (2)名词前已有指示、物主或不定代词作定语时不用。如：My pen is much more expensive than yours. (3)周名,月名或季节名前一般不用。如：He was born on Monday, February 18,1995. They usually plant trees on the hills in spring. (4)(第一次使用)复数名词表示人或事物的类别时不用。如：Men are cleverer than monkeys. (5)三餐饭前不用。如：We have breakfast at home and lunch at school.(我们在家吃早饭,在校吃午饭) (6)节、假日前一般不用。如：On Children’s Day the boys often get presents from their parents. (7)球类名词前不用。如：The children play football on Saturday afternoons. (8)城市的重要/主要建筑物名称前不用。如：They are now at People’s Cinema. 18
(9)一些习惯用语中不用。如：
⑴ at / to / from / out of / after / for school; ⑵ in / to / for / after class; ⑶in / to / out of / into bed; ⑷ after / at/ from / out of / to work; ⑸ at / to sea; ⑹ in / from / down / to town;
⑺ at / from home; ⑻ at / for / to breakfast/lunch/supper; ⑼ at night/noon/midnight;
⑽ on foot; ⑾ go to school/bed; ⑿ on top of; ⒀ in front of; ⒁on show/display/duty/watch; ⒂ in / out of hospital; ⒃ at all; ⒄ on/in time; ⒅ at first/last/once; ⒆in Chinese/English; ⒇ take care of
九、介词
1、介词的主要用法：
介词是一种虚词,不能独立使用。介词之后一般有名词或代词(宾格)或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句作它的宾语,即构成介词短语。有些介词是由两个以上的词构成的短语介词,如：out of(从…中出来), away from(距离…), next to(在…隔壁), in front of(在…前方)等。 2、介词的分类表：
地点(位置、范围)介词： after在…后面, at在…处, before在...前, behind在...后, beside在...旁边, between在...之间, from来自..., in在...里面, near靠近..., on在...上面, outside在....外面, under在...下方, in front of在...前, in the middle of在...的中间, at the back of在...的后部,等等。
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方向(目标趋向)介词： along沿着..., around绕着..., at朝着..., down向…下, for向..., from从/离..., in进入..., into进入..., near接近..., off脱离/除..., out of向...外, outside向....外, to向/朝..., up向...上, away from远离...
时间介词：about大约..., after在…以后, at在… (时刻), before在…以前, for有…(之久), from从…(时)起, in在(上/下午); on在(某日), past过了…(时), to到(下一时刻),
方式介词：as作为/当作..., by用/由/乘坐/被..., in用…(语言), like与…一样, on骑(车)/徒(步), with用(材料),用(手/脚/耳/眼),
涉及介词: about关于..., in在…(方面), of…的,有关..., to对…而言, with就…而言 其它介词:
【目的介词】 for为了..., to为了…
【比较介词】 as与…一样,like象…一样,than比...,to与…相比少, 【伴随/状态介词】 at在(上班/休息/上学/家,etc.),in穿着…(衣服/颜色), on在(值日), with与…一起,有/带着/长着... 3、介词短语的句法作用：
介词短语相当于一个形容词或副词,可用作状语、定语和表语。如：The man came
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