oppose sth 反对某事；

oppose doing sth 反对干某事 be opposed to sth./doing sth.反对… as opposed to(介词)与…对照下 表示“反对”的短语：

say no to…对…说不，拒绝，反对； be against反对，不同意；

object to (doing)sth.反对，讨厌； object that…对…提出异议。例如：

Can you explain why you said no to my offer你能否解释一下为什么拒绝我的帮助 They objected that the schedule was too tight.它们对工作进度表太紧提出异议。

24. 1)The rise in lung cancers was a consequence of cigarette smoking.肺癌的增长是吸烟造成的结果。

2) ——I’m afraid you’re ill.你恐怕是病了吧 ——It’s of no consequence.不要紧

★3）As a consequence of a great fire the house was completely destroyed.由于大火，房子被彻底毁坏了。

4)Who should answer for the consequence of the accident.谁应该为这起事故负责 be of no/little/great/much +consequence不/非常重要 as a consequence (of…)=

in consequence (of…) 结果（是…），由于… take the consequence of承担责任

answer for the consequences对…后果负责。 句子改写

1)He hadn’t enough money to pay our bus fare, so they had to walk there.

=He hadn’t enough money to pay our bus fare, and in ____________they had to walk there. 2)Is the experiment very important to you

=Is the experiment _______ ________ _______ to you in consequence

of great consequence 25. mild adj.

1) 温和的,温柔的

He is the mildest man alive. 他是世上最和善的人了。 2) 温暖的,暖和的

It's been a mild winter this year. 今年的冬天一直很暖和。 3) 味淡的,不浓烈的

Please make my drink a mild one. 请把我的酒调得淡一点。 4) 轻微的,不重的;宽大的

He was given a mild punishment. 他被从轻发落。 26. state-statement

The witness stated that she had never seen Mr. Smith陈述;声明;说明 Ice is the solid state of water .形态

In china, the railway are owned by the state.国家,政府

There are 50 states in America

Everything was in a state of disorder.状态

The president has made an important statement about the matter.

state是常用词，只人或物所处的外表、心理、健康及所处的情形等方面的情况，但不如condition具体，只用作单数形式。The house was in a dirty state.

condition是常用词，○用作单数形式，表示人或物目前所处的真实具体状态，尤指内在状态，可与state替用；eg. be in poor/good condition

○用作复数形式时，笼统地表示一般状态。eg. poor working conditions

situation是一般用词，尤指处于某时期的状况，处境，局面，形势。指各种具体情况综合起来的状态，多指危急或重大的事态，强调外部因素对该事态的影响，常用作单数形式。 oneself in an embarrassing situation

position ○有利的状况（如竞争中或战争中的）○(尤作单数)处境，情势（尤指影响某人行为的能力） am not in a position to help you.我帮不了你。 27. range

1)排列, 将...排成行The cards were ranged in alphabetical order. 2 )(在一定范围内)变化

the frontier ranges from the northern hills to the southern coast The prices of the pens range from $5-$100. 3) It’s beyond the range of my ability. 4) I came within my range of vision. 5) he has a wide range of knowledge. beyond the range of超出…范围 within the range of在…范围内 range from A to B 范围从A到B 28.

1)The clouds are building up.云彩在聚集

2)You need more protein to build you up. 增强体质,强身健体。 3)She’s built up a very successful business.逐步建立

4)The singer has been built up into a good success.吹捧，赞扬

5)I‘m very glad to see that your vocabulary is gradually building up. 逐渐增长 6)Hard working conditions build up character. (喻)能磨练人的性格 29. even if /though

I wouldn't tell you even if I knew.

Even if she survives, she'll never fully recover.

Even though he's 24 now, he's still like a little child. I can still remember, even though it was so long ago. 30. steady-steadily 平稳的，持续的，可靠地，稳固的 He has made a steady decision

There has been a steady increase in car production in the past 6 months. Zhang Feng is a steady young man. Please keep the ladder steady. Wedrove at a steady speed.

A steady job/income稳定的工作/收入 A steady worker可靠的工人

Steady rain连绵的雨 31. tendency倾向 趋势

She has artistic tendencies. 她有艺术气质。

There is a growing tendency for people to work at home instead of in offices. Mary is nice but she has a tendency to talk too much.

有…倾向; +to/toward

He has a tendency towards pessimism. 他有悲观的倾向。

Bob has a tendency to exaggerate things. 鲍勃有爱夸张的倾向。 Trend tendency current:这些名词均含“趋势，倾向”之意。

trend: 指事物发展总的方向、倾向或趋势。A recent trend in literature, fashion trend tendency: 指固有或习得的倾向性，强调没有外来的影响或干扰。 current: 指向某一方面发展或在确趋向中行动 32. widespread 分布广的，普遍的

The forests are widespread in our country. 我们的国家森林分布很广。 The new laws gained widespread acceptance.

Their suggestion met with widespread disagreement普遍的 There was a widespread belief in his innocence

the whole 总的来说；从总体上看 On the whole ,he is a good boy.

The weather this month has been cold on the whole. On the whole, I’m in favor of the idea. The paper is well written on the whole. 34. average

above the average在一般 水平以上, 中上; 在平均数以上 below the average在一般水平以下, 中下; 在平均数以下 on average 平均, 按平均数计算; 一般地说 on an average 平均, 按平均数计算; 一般地说

The average of 4, 8, and 60 is 24.(N) 4、8和60的平均数是24。 平均；平均水平 adj

What is the average rainfall for August in your country The average age of the students in this class is 9. His average result (of this three subjects) is 96.

His results is the average.他成绩平平 I’d say he was of average height.中等个头

Tom is good at maths---well above average.远远高于平均水平 On average, babies start walking at a year old. Language points-reading 2 behalf of代表……一方

My husband could not be here tonight, but l want to thank you on his behalf. We attended the global conference on behalf of our country. I’m greatly honored to put on

performance here on behalf of my school.

The hero’s wife accepted the medal on behalf of her dead husband. v. 提倡主张拥护鼓吹/ n.提倡者

He advocates building more schools. The public advocated passing the law.

commitment --commit v.犯罪犯错误,使承担义务,为某人作出保证 commit a crime

a difference :有关系，有影响，有重要性make no difference：没有关系，没有重要性 It won't make much difference whether you go today or tomorrow. 你今天去或明天去没有多大关系.

It make no difference if you light a lamp in the sunshine. 白天点灯多此一举。 up with忍受;忍耐;受苦

We can’t put up with his endless complaint.

I'm afraid you'll have to put up with his bad temper. That woman, as a housewife, has a lot to put up with.

Noise is coming to the point where we can’t put up with it.

与stand, bear 同义

We have to bear with his bad temper because he is a bit frustrated these days. I cannot stand waiting any longer.

Modern plastics can _______ very high and very low temperature.（山东） A．stand B. hold C. carry D. support Key: A

put aside节省(钱、时间);储蓄;把……放在一边 put away收拾起来;储存(钱) put back放回原处;拖延 put down写下;记下;控制

put forward提出(意见、建议);推荐 put off延期;推迟 put out熄灭; 扑灭

put up举起;张开(伞);张贴;为……提供食宿 Match the phrases with the correct meaning long as / as long as 只要，如果

As long as you don't betray me, I'll do whatever you ask me to (do).

You can go out, as / so long as you promise to be back before 11 o'clock. As long as you drive carefully, you will be very safe.

You may borrow this book so long as you promise to give it back. I will stay as long as I can.

on condition that …在……的条件下

1）I will go abroad on condition that I earn enough money.如果我挣到足够的钱，我就出国。 2）We will help you on condition that/as long as you can offer us the proper reason. 只要你能给我们合适的原因，我们就会帮助你。

adj. 随便的漫不经心的偶然的，休闲的便装的

His casual manner annoyed me .他无所谓的态度令我恼火 ’t be casual about this.不要对此漠不关心

He was forced by the circumstances to do this. 他做此事是为环境所迫。（常用复数） Due to circumstances beyond our control the lecture was cancelled. 由于无法控制的情况，讲座

取消了。

Under no circumstances should you lend him any money. 决不，无论如何不

The weather was terrible, under/in the circumstances, I decided to put off my journey.在这种情况下

I will not vote for him under/in any circumstances =I will under/in no circumstances vote for him = under/in no circumstances will I vote for him. v.(使)精神振作, (使)精力恢复, 更新

When tired, you can refresh yourself with a cup of tea困时喝杯茶提神

Refresh storage battery in case of being out of energy halfway.给蓄电池充电以免半路没电。 The host refreshed our teacups. 主人又为我们斟茶。 Sometimes, a small thing all can refresh your memory -- contribute --contribute to

He has/makes an important contribution to the company’s success. He Contributed a great deal of money to the Red Cross 捐钱 She has been contributing to the paper for 5 years. 投稿 Exercises contributed to our health.有助于

关于it:

I hate it when it is rains.

1. 此类句型的it是形式宾语，后面的when it rains才是真正的宾语(从句)。 翻译：我讨厌下雨的时候。

2. 英语语法有如下规定： 如果主句谓语是表示爱憎类的动词，如like/dislike/hate/appreciate，且其宾语为一个宾语从句时，则一般把it放于其中做形式宾语，后面再加上if或疑问词引导的宾语从句。 3. 再如：

1) I dislike it when people talk with their mouths full. 我讨厌人们一边嘴里满是东西，一边谈话。 2）I like it when spring comes. 我喜欢春天来临的时节。

3）I'll appreciate it if you could open the window for me. 如果你能帮我打开窗户，我将不胜感激。