像力，没有这两点就无法用道德观念来进行思考。看到动物受苦足以使大多数人产生同情感。（75）这种反应并不错，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用。这种本能应该得到鼓励，而不应遭到嘲笑。

题目解析：

71) Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have. 结构分析：

71) 状语结构Actually, // 主句it // isn't, // 原因状语从句because // it // assumes // 宾语从句that there // is // an agreed account of / human rights, // 定语从句which // is // something // 定语从句（省略that）the world // does not have.

词义推敲：

it isn’t ＝ It isn’t a useful, ground-clearing way to start.译作“事实并非如此”也能得分。

it主语代词，根据上下文意思这种问法，这种说法。 because it assumes it 指代“这种问题”，是第二次提及，所以可以译作“它”。 assume：to take for granted; suppose 想当然；以为

an agreed account of human rights：对于人权的约定的看法，共同的认识 human rights 人的权利，人权

account：careful thought 仔细考虑 which 指代“agreed account” 参考译文：

事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同的认识为基础的，而这种共同认识并不存在。

这种问法不恰当，因为这种问法假设人们对人权有共同的认识，这种共同的认识是（世界上）没有的。

得分重点：

原因状语从句，宾语从句，省略结构

72) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. 结构分析：

72) 主句Some philosophers // argue // 宾语从句that rights // exist // only within a social contract, // 介词短语作非限制性定语as // part of / an exchange of / duties and entitlements. 词义推敲：

argue：to attempt to prove by reasoning; maintain or contend 坚持，主张列举证明极力列举理由以证明；坚持或主张

social contract 社会契约

contract：an agreement between two or more parties, especially one that is written and enforceable by law 合同，契约两个或两个以上当事人之间达成的一种协议，

尤指具有法律效力的书面协议

as part of 作为(是)??的一部分

exchange：to give in return for something received; trade 交换，交易给?以作为收到某物的回报；贸易

duties and entitlements：权利和义务

entitle：to furnish with a right or claim to something 给?权利或给?资格 参考译文：

有些哲学家论证说，（权利只存在社会契约中，是责任与利益相交换的一部分/权利作为责任与权益相交换的一部分只存在于社会契约当中）。 得分重点：

宾语从句 ，as的用法， 多重后置定语

73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. 结构分析：

73) 简单句It // leads the discussion to // extremes // 介词短语作状语结构at the outset: // 复合句it // invites you to // think // 宾语从句that animals // 被动结构should be treated // 并列结构1 either 介词短语作方式状语with the consideration // 定语从句省略结构（that）humans // extend to // other humans, // 并列结构2 or // 介词短语作方式状语 with no consideration at all. 词义推敲：

it 指代“the point”（这种观点，这种说法）。

lead：to guide or direct in a course 导引在一方向牵引或指 extreme：极端

at the outset 从一开始 ＝ at the start / beginning invites you to think 使人们认为

invite：to tend to bring on; provoke 引起；招致

that animals should be treated 它使人们认为应该这样对待动物

treat：to act or behave in a specified manner toward 对待对?以某种特定的方式行动或表现

consideration：thoughtful concern for others; solicitude 关心对他人的体贴关心；担忧

humans extend to other humans 人对待人

extend：to make available; provide 可用；提供 参考译文：

这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应这样对待动物：（要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情/要么像人类对待自己一样去关心动物，要么一点也不关心）。 得分重点：

宾语从句，被动结构，并列结构，定语从句，省略结构

74) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.

结构分析：

74) 分词短语作状语Arguing from // the view // 同位语从句that humans // are different from // animals // 介词短语作状语结构in every relevant respect, // 主句extremists / 后置定语of this kind // （指代关系）think // 宾语从句that animals // lie outside // the area of / moral choice. 词义推敲：

arguing from the view 从??观点看，持??观点 be different from... 与??不同

in every relevant respect 在各相关方面

respect：a particular aspect, feature, or detail 某方面某个方面、某种特征或细节

relevant：having a bearing on or connection with the matter at hand 相关联的和手头的事务有关系或关联的

extremists 极端主义者，持极端观点的人

lie outside the area of moral choice：不在道德问题范围，与道德取舍无关 参考译文：

这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，（因此他们认为）对待动物无须考虑道德问题。 得分重点：

同位语从句，宾语从句

75) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.

结构分析：

75) 时间状语从句When // that // happens, // 并列结构1 it // is not // a mistake: // 并列结构2 it // is // mankind's instinct // 介词短语作后置定语for moral reasoning / in action, // 独立主格结构an instinct // 定语从句that // should 并列结构11 被动结构be encouraged // rather than // 并列结构22 省略结构（be）laughed at.

词义推敲：

that (代词作主语)联系上下文应该译为“当人们产生同情心的时候” it 两个“it”都指代“When that happens”，译作“这”。

mankind's instinct for moral reasoning 人类道德推理的本能

instinct：an inborn pattern of behavior that is characteristic of a species and is often a response to specific environmental stimuli 本能一种天生的行为方式，其因物种不同而各异，通常是对某一具体环境刺激的反应

reasoning：推理 in action 起作用 rather than 而不 参考译文：

当发生这种情况，这并没有错：/这种反应并不错，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本

能在起作用，这种本能应得到鼓励而不应遭到嘲弄。 得分重点：

时间状语从句，并列结构，同位语结构，定语从句，比较结构

5、1998年

Directions:

Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET II.

They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light years from earth. (71) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected; the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite -Cobe-had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang(the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).

(72) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According the the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginable dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans.

Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and super clusters of galaxies. They shouldn't have long to wait. (73) Astrophysicists working with ground based detectors at the South Pole and balloon borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.

(74) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion -trillion -trillion-fold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity. (75) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.

精美译文：

离地球大约150亿光年的一块狭长的巨大宇宙云系是科学家在此以前所发现的最大、最遥远的物体。（71）但更为重要的是，这是科学家所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。那大约就是宇宙形成的时候。研究人员发现的宇宙云既令人惊讶，又是人们所期待的，因为美国国家航空航天局的宇宙背景探测者Cobe号卫星已经发现了划时代的证据，证明宇宙确实起源于最早的一次爆炸，即人们一直所称的“大爆炸”（此理论认为宇宙起源于一大块能量）。

（72）巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是使本世纪二十年代首次提出的大爆炸论是以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位所必不可少的。根据这一理论，宇宙的形成是由一团亚微观的、极其稠密的纯能量团朝四面八方向外发散，随着放出辐射线，浓缩成粒子，然后形成气体原子。数十亿年来，这种气体受引力的压缩形成星系、恒星、行星，并最终甚至产生人类。

Cobe卫星设计的目的就是观察这些最大的物体结构，但宇航员还想看到更为微小的热点，即像星纱中的星团和超星团这样一些局部物体的粒子。看来他们不必长期等待。（73）天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器及球工仪器，正越来越近地观测这些云系，也许不久会报告他们的观测结果。

（74）假如这些小热点看上去同预计的一致，那就意味着又一科学论说的胜利，这种论说即更完美的大爆炸论，亦称宇宙膨胀说。膨胀说告诉我们，早在很久以前，宇宙的体积在不到一秒钟内被一种反引力驱动而发生了无数倍的膨胀。（75）宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特，但它是基本粒子的物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来似乎可信的推论。许多天体物理学家七八年来一直确信这一论说是正确的。 题目解析：

71) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. 结构分析：

71) 状语结构But // even more important, // 主句it // was // the farthest省略结构（strip of enormous cosmic clouds） // 定语从句that scientists // had been able to / look into // the past, // 原因状语从句for // 从句的主语从句what // they // were seeing // 谓语were // the patterns and structures 省略结构（of cosmic clouds） // 定语从句that // existed // 15 billion years ago. 词义推敲：

even more important 更为重要的是

it was the farthest 这是最遥远的宇宙云

it 由于有“the farthest”作表语，所以译作“这”。

the farthest 等于“the farthest strip of enormous cosmic clouds” look into 观察，调查，浏览 what they were seeing they 指代“scientists”，可以译作“他们”。

the patterns and structures（of cosmic clouds）（宇宙云的）形状和结构 15 billion years ago 150亿年前 参考译文：

但更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的（景象/宇宙云），因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。 得分重点：

省略结构，定语从句，原因状语从句，主语从句

72) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. 结构分析：

72) 主句The existence of // the giant 省略结构（cosmos）clouds //被动结构was virtually required for // the Big Bang, // 插入结构first put forward // in the 1920s,