and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.
“Anthropology” derives from the Greek words “anthropos”: “human” and “logos” the study of.” By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.
Anthropology is one of the social sciences.(62)Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.
All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis.(63)The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.
Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylor’s formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science.(64)Tylor defined culture as “…that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” This insight, so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylor’s definition is the concept that culture is learned. shared, and patterned behavior.
(65)Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.
精美译文：
人类无时无地不在探究他们所居住的这个世界，并且惊叹于他们所处的地方。人类有思想、有创造性，而且具有难以满足的求知欲。（61）而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而让所有其他形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。因此，运用冷静和系统的方法对人类的广泛性与多样性进行研究，是至关重要的。我们希望通过这些研究获得的知识可以促进人与人之间、以及人类与地球上的所有其他物种更加和谐地共存。 “人类学”一词起源于希腊语anthropos（人类）和logos（对于…的研究）。顾名思义，人类学包含了对全人类的研究。 人类学属于社会科学。（62）社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图像自然科学有研究自然现象那样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。
社会科学包括地理学、经济学、政治学、心理学和社会学等学科。社会学的每一学科都包含一门与人类学密切相关的分支或专业。
一切社会科学都以研究人类为核心。人类学是一门以实地考查为导向的学科，在研究中需要广泛地运用比较法。（63）强调收集第一手资料，加上在分析过去和现在文化形态时采用跨文化视角，使得这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。
人类学的研究在很大程度上取决于文化观念。爱德华?泰勒先生提出的文化概念是十九世纪杰出的理论成就之一。（64）泰勒把文化定义为“…一个复合整体，它包括人作为社会成员所获得的主仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其它能力和习惯”。这一概念虽然简洁，但却含义深刻，它为认识和理解人类生活开创了一条崭新的道路。泰勒关于文化的定义暗示出这样一个概念，即文化是后天习得的、与他人共享的和形成固定模式的行为。
（65）因此，人类学中的“文化”概念就像数学中“集”的概念一样，是一个抽象概念。它使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。
题目解析：
(61)Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. 结构分析：
复合句61) 状语Furthermore, // 主句humans // have // the ability 后置定语to / modify the environment // 定语从句in which // they // live, // 结果状语thus // subjecting all other life forms to // their own peculiar ideas and fancies. 词义推敲：
furthermore：而且，此外
modify the environment in which they live：改变他们的生存/所居住环境
modify：to change in form or character; alter 变更，在形式或特征上改变，修改 they：指代“humans”
subjecting all other life forms to 让所有其它形态的生命服从?? other life forms = other forms of life 其它形式的生命 peculiar：独特的，特有的
fancy：imagination, especially of a whimsical or fantastic nature 想象，尤指有异想天开或空想的特性的，喜好 参考译文：
（而且/另外/并且/更进一步来说/甚至/不仅如此/此外），人类还有能力（改变/改善/改进/改造）自己的生存环境，从而使所有（其它形态的生命/其他生命形式/其他生命形态/其他形式的生命）（服从于/承受/都符合/按照??来改变/将??进行改造/与??一致/适应）人类自己独特的想法和想像。 得分重点：
定语从句，固定短语
(62)Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. 结构分析：
62) 主句Social science // is // that branch of / intellectual enquiry // 定语从句which // seeks to / study // humans and their endeavors // 方式状语in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner // 定语从句that natural
scientists // use // 目的状语for the study of / natural phenomena.
词义推敲：
Social science 社会科学
intellectual enquiry 知识探究 enquiry = inquiry：探究，探索 seek to：试图，设法
humans and their endeavors 人类及其行为 endeavor：努力
in ? manner 以??方式，用??方法 reasoned 理性的 orderly 有序的
dispassioned 冷静的
natural phenomena 自然现象 参考译文：
社会科学是知识探索/探究/探寻的一个分支，它力图/试图/致力于/寻求像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性的/推理的、有序的/有规律的/有条理的/有秩序的、系统的和冷静的/客观的/不受情绪影响的）（方式/方法）研究人类及其行为。 得分重点：
定语从句
(63)The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science. 结构分析：
63) 主语The emphasis on / data / 后置定语gathered first-hand, // combined with // a cross-cultural perspective // brought to // the analysis of / cultures / past and present, // 谓语makes // this study // a 前置定语unique and distinctly important social science. 词义推敲：
The emphasis对??的强调，对??的重视 data gathered first-hand搜集的第一手资料 first-hand：直接地，第一手地 combined with加上
a cross-cultural perspective跨文化视角 参考译文：
（强调/注重/重视/对于??重视/对于??强调）（搜集/采集/收集）第一手（资料/数据），（加上/结合/连同）在分析（过去和现在的文化（形态）/古今文化/过去和现在的文化现象）时采用（跨文化/文化交汇/交叉文化）（视角/视点/观察），使这一研究成为一门（独特/独一无二/与众不同）并且（非常重要的/极为重要的/特别重要的/有特殊重要性的）社会科学。 得分重点：
多重定语结构
(64)Tylor defined culture as “…that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” 结构分析：
64) 主句Tylor // defined culture as // 直接引语\引语的主句that complex whole // 定语从句which // includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, / and any other capabilities / and habits // 后置定语acquired by man // as a member of society.\词义推敲：
Tylor人名，按照音译“泰勒”。 defined culture as 将文化定义为 that complex whole 一个复合体 which：指代“whole”，译作“它”。 morals 道德
acquire：取得，获得
man as a member of society 人作为社会成员/作为社会成员的人 参考译文：
泰勒（把文化定义为/为文化下的定义是/是这样定义文化的）“??一个（复合整体/复合体/综合体/集合体/统一体/复杂整体/组合体），（它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其它能力和习惯/它包括（信仰/信念）、艺术、（道德/伦理）、法律、风俗（习惯）以及人作为社会成员所（获得/获取）的其它能力和习惯）。” 得分重点：
定语从句，后置定语
(65)Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding. 结构分析：
65) 状语结构Thus, // 主语 多重定语the anthropological concept of / \// 插入结构 举例like // 多重定语the concept of / \谓语is // an abstract concept // 定语从句which // makes 倒装结构 // possible // 前置定语immense amounts of / concrete research and understanding. 词义推敲：
the anthropological concept of \人类学的“文化”的概念 the concept of \数学中“集合”的概念 an abstract concept抽象概念
abstract：considered apart from concrete existence 抽象的，和真实存在不同的 which：指代“concept”，译作“它”。 make sth possible 使得??成为可能
which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding：（它/这种概念）使大量的具体研究和认识（成为可能/有可能进行）
immense amounts of concrete research大量的具体研究 参考译文：
（因此/所以），人类学中“文化”的（概念/观念）就像数学中“集合”的概念一样，是一个抽象概念。（它/这种概念）使大量的具体研究和认识（成为可能/有可能进行）。 得分重点：
插入结构，定语从句，倒装结构
11、2004年
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)
The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries. (61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be. Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century. (62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from “exotic” language, were not always so grateful. (63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.
Sapir’s pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American Indian languages. (64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another. (65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages ,Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.
精美译文：
许多世纪以来哲学家一直对语言与思维的关系颇感兴趣。（61）希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。直到最近语言学家才开始认真研究与自己的母语截然不同的语言。两位人类学家、语言学家佛朗茨·博厄斯和爱德华·萨皮尔在二十世纪上半叶描述了北美和南美许多土著语言，在这方面他们堪称先驱。（62）我们之所以感激他们（两位无驱），是因为在此之后，这些（土著）语言中有一些已经不复存在了，这是由于说这些语言的部族或是消亡了，或是被同化而丧失了自己的本族语言。不过，在该世纪早期其他语言学家并不那么热心处理“异域”语言中的怪异数据，因此他们常不被人们所称道。（63）这些新近被描述的语言与已经得到充分研究的欧洲和东南亚地区的语言往往差别显著，以至于有些学者甚至指责博厄斯和萨皮尔编造了材料。美洲土著语言的确十分特异，纳瓦霍语实际上在二战中可以被美军用作密码发密码电报。
萨皮尔的学生本杰明·李·沃夫继续研究美洲印第安人的语言。（64）沃夫对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣，逐渐形成了这样的观点:在一个社会中，语言的结构决定习惯思维的结构。他论述说，某一特定语言中比较