But we must also recognize that both women and men want to have time, when they are young, to enjoy the many opportunities for personal expression and fulfillment that modern, affluent societies are able to provide.
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We should anticipate that many of these years of young adulthood will be spent in nonmarital cohabitation, an arrangement that often makes more sense than the alternatives to it, especially living along or continuing to live with one¡®s family of origin. I am not implying, much less advocating, sexual promiscuity here, but rather serious, caring relationships which may involve cohabitation.
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(4)From the perspective of promoting eventual family life, however, the downside to late age of marriage is that people live for about a decade or more in a nonfamily, ¨Dsingles¡¬ environment which reinforces their personal drive for expressive individualism and conceivably reduces their impulse toward carrying out eventual family obligations, thus making the transition to marriage and childrearing more difficult. To help overcome the anti-family impact of these years, young unmarried adults should be encouraged to save a substantial portion of their income for a ¨Dfamily fund¡¬ with an eye toward offsetting the temporary loss of the wife¡®s income after marriage and childbirth.
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(5)Once children are born, wives should be encouraged to leave
the labor market and become substantially full-time mothers for a period of at least a year to eighteen months per child. The reason for this is that mother-reared infants appear to have distinct advantages over those reared apart from their mothers. It is desirable for children to have full-time parenting up to at least age three, but after eighteen months¡ªpartly because children by then are more verbal¡ªit is appropriate for fathers to become the primary caretakers, and some men may wish to avail themselves of the opportunity. At age three, there is no evidence that children in quality group care suffer any disadvantages (in fact, for most children there are significant advantages). Once children reach that age, therefore, the average mother could resume working part-time until the children are at least of school age, and preferably in their early to middle teen years, at which point she could resume work full-time. Alternatively, when the children reach the age of three the father could stay home part-time, and the mother could resume work full-time.
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For women, this proposal is essentially the strategy known as ¨Dsequencing¡¬. The main difficulty with it, as sociologist Phyllis Moen has noted,¡¬ is that child-nurturing years are also the career-nurturing years. What is lost in either case cannot be ?made up¡® at a later time.¡¬ Yet I would argue that it is possible to ¨Dmake up¡¬ for career loss, but impossible to make up for child-nurturing loss. To make it economically more possible for a family with young children to live on a single income, we should institute (in addition to the ¨Dfamily fund¡¬) what virtually every other industrialized society already has in place¡ªparental leave and child allowance programs. And, to help compensate women for any job or career setbacks due to their time out of the labor force, we should consider the development of ¨Dveterans benefits¡¬ type programs that provide mothers with financial subsidies and job priorities when they return
to the paid work force. In general, women must be made to feel that caring for young children is important work, respected by the working community.
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(6)According to this proposal, the mother and not the father ordinarily would be the primary caretaker of infants. This is because of fundamental biological differences between the sexes that assume great importance in childrearing, as discussed above. The father should be an active supporter of the mother-child bond during this period, however, as well as auxiliary homemaker and care provider. Fathers should expect to spend far more time in domestic pursuits