1) Within a very short time of coming back into power the present government had taken steps to stabilize the position.2) First of all we applied ourselves to identifying the root causes of our national ailments examining contemporary evidence and refusing to be slaves to outmoded doctrinaire beliefs.3) Secondly we embarked on a reasoned policy to ensure steady economic growth the modernization of industry and a proper balance between public and private expenditure.4) Thirdly by refusing to take refuge—as the previous Government had continually done in the preceding years –in panic –stricken stop-gap measures we stimulated the return of international confidence.5) As a result of those immediate measures and aided by the tremendous effort which they evoked from our people who responded as so often before to a firm hand at the helm we weathered the storm and moved on into calmer waters and a period of economic expansion and social reorganization 11参考译文

在重新执政后极短的时间里，本届政府就采取了许多措施来稳定局势。首先，我们致力于找出国内种种常弊病的根本原因仔细研究当时的症状，而不是墨守过时的成规教条。第二我们采取了经过深思熟虑的政策以保证经济的稳步发展，工业的现代化，以及公私支出之间的平衡。第三，我们没有采取上届政府前几年的一贯做法，没有因为惊慌失措而安于一些补漏洞的权宜之计，因此我们促使了我们国际信誉得到恢复。由于采取了这些措施，由于我国人民——他们一如既往，对坚定的掌舵人作出积极的响应——在这些措施激励之下作出了巨大的努力，为我们提供了帮助，我们经受了风暴，进入了比较平静的海面，进入了一个经济发展与社会重组的时期。

12. The Education of Humanists

1)The education of humanists cannot be regarded as complete or even adequate without exposure in some depth to where things stand in the various branches of science particularly in the areas of our ignorance.2)Physics professors most of them look with revulsion on assignments to teach their subjects to poets.3) The liberal arts faculties for their parts will continue to view the scientists with suspicion and apprehension. 4) But maybe a new set of courses dealing systematically with ignorance in science will take hold.5) The scientists might discover in it a new and subversive technique for catching the attention of students driven by curiosity delighted and surprised to learn that science is exactly as some scientists described it: an ―endless frontier.‖6) The humanists for their part might take considerable satisfaction in watching their scientific colleagues confess openly to not knowing everything about everyone.7) And the poets on whose shoulders the future rests might late nights thinking things over begin to see some meanings that elude the rest of us. 12参考译文

人文主义者的教育如果不在一定深度上了解科学各个领域的情况，尤其是我们一无所知的领域，那就不能视为是完全的，或是足够的。大多数的物理教师如让我们教诗人物理，都很反感。而文科教师会继续以怀疑和恐惧的心情看待科学家。或许，那些帮助学生系统地了解科学方面所不知道的东西的新课程将会建立。科学家的注意力。这些学生会惊奇地发现科学正如一些科学家所描写的。是一个永远了开发不完的处女地。而当人主义者注意到他们的科学家的同事公开承认并不是对任何东西都彻底了解时，也会感到极大的满足。而身上寄托着未来的诗人们或许在深夜反复思索，开始看到了我们大多数人所不能理解的意思。

13参考译文

问题是：如对人的权利是一致的意见，去争论动物的权利是没有结果的。只会一开始就

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把讨论引向极端。它使人们认为应这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅，要么对它们相关方面都不同，持这种极端看法的人会认为对待动物无须考虑道德问题。任何对动物的遭遇的关心都被认为是错误的，是把自己的感情放错了地方，因为这种感情应当放到其他人身上。但是道德观的最基本一条是将心比心。对大多数来说，看到动物受罪足以引起人的同情。这种反应并不是错误，而是人用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用。这种本能应当得到鼓励而不应遭到嘲笑。 13. Animals’ Rights

1) The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people arguing about the rights of

animals is fruitless.2) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans or with no consideration at all.3) This is a false choice.4) Arguing from the view be directed to other humans.6) But the most elementary form of moral reasoning is to weigh others’ interests against one’s own.7)To see an animal in pain is enough for most to engage sympathy.8) When that happens it is not a mistake it is mankind’s instinct for that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.5) Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake—a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly moral reasoning in action an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.

14. The Problems of Debt

1) Many economists insisted that only a major restructuring of the world’s could resolve the problem.2) To avert the danger of major defaults and to restore security to the economic system Western bankers and governments will have to ensure that they are imposing reasonable repayment terms on developing countries terms that will not provoke revolution or chaos.3) They will have to lower interest requirements with some form of subsidy from the central banks if necessary.4) And they will have to strengthen the IMF as their ultimate safeguard.5) It is not enough for the IMF and the banks to provide a financial fire brigade moving from one debt crisis to another.6) The IMF must be given enough support to make longer—term loans in order to enable developing countries to revive their exports without enduring crippling hardships.7) Unless Western governments face up to this challenge they may face political catastrophes that will require far more costly intervention. 14参考译文

许多经济学家坚持认为，只有对世界各国的债务进行重大的调整，这个问题才能解决。为了防止发生宣布无力偿还债务的重大事件，并使经济体制恢复稳定，西方各国银行和政府必须确保他们强制各发展中国家履行的还债条件公平合理，确保这些条件不至于引起革命。他们必须加强国际货币基金组织，作为他们最后的保障。国际货币基金组织和各大银行仅仅发挥金融消防队的作用，为一次又一次的债务危机而奔忙是不够的。必须给予国际货币基金组织充分的支持，使它能够提供长期的贷款，以便使发展中国家能够振兴出口而不遭受严重的困难。除非西方国家政府勇敢地面对这一挑战，否则他们就可能面临重大的政治灾难，非进行代价高得多的干预不可。 15. Scofflawry

1) The dangers of scofflawry vary wildiy.2 The person who illegally spits on the sidewalk remains disgusting but clearly poses less risk to others than the company that illegally buries hazardous chemical waste in an unauthorized location.3) The fare beater on the subway presents

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less threat of life than the landlord who ignores fire safety statutes.4) The most immediately and measurable dangerous scofflawry however also happens to be the most visible.5) The culprit is the American driver whose lawless activities today add up to a colossal public nuisance.6) The hazards range from routine double parking that jams city streets to the drunk driving that kills thousands of people yearly.7) Red-light running has always been ranked as a minor wrong and so it may bi in individual instances.8) When the violation becomes habitual widespread and incessant however a great deal more than a traffic management problem is involved.9) The violation of basic rules of the road leaves deep dents in the social mood

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玩忽法律的行为，其危害是多种多样的。在人行道上随地吐痰，当然是令人讨厌的。但比起那些在工厂在非规定的地方随意埋置危险化学废料的违法行为，它对人的危害性要小得多。承地铁逃票当然没有像房东无视防火安全规定那样会危及人的生命安全。然而，正是那些极常见的玩忽法律的行为，造成的危害最直接，最严重了。罪魁祸首要算那些无法无天驾驶汽车的美国人，他们的所作所为构成了巨大的公害。从在马路上并排停两辆汽车，造成义勇阻塞到酒后驾车，致使每年车祸死亡成千上万人。闯红灯常常被列为小错，因而可能只是个别情况。然而一旦人们形成习惯，成为普遍经常性的东西则问题远非是交通管理而已。违反交通规则给社会心理状态打开了一道深深的缺口。 16. American Study

1) The scientific interest of American history centered in national character and in the workings of a society destined to become bast in which individuals were imp0rtant chiefly as types.2) Although this kind of interest was different from that of European history it was at least as important to the world.3) Should history ever become a true science it must expect to establish its laws not from the complicated story of rival European nationalities but from the economical evolution of a great democracy.4) North America was the most favorable field on the globe for the spread of a society so large uniform and isolated as to answer the purposes of science.5) There a single homogeneous society could easily attain proportions of three or four hundred million persons under conditions of undisturbed growth.6) In Europe or Asia undisturbed social evolution had been unknown.7) Without disturbance evolution seemed to cease.8) Wherever disturbance occurred permanence was impossible.9) Every people in turn adapted itself to the law of necessity. 16参考译文

在科学上对美国历史发生兴趣主要集中在其民族特性，以及一个注定要大起来、强调个性的社会的运转方式上。尽管这种兴趣不同于对欧洲历史的兴趣，但至少对于世界说来是同样重要的。如果有一天历史会成为一门真正的科学的话，它必定要建立起自己的规律。这些规律不是来自对手欧洲列强的复杂历史，而是来自一个伟大的民主国家的经济发展。北美是全球最适宜这样一个社会发展的地方，这个社会是如此地在物博，统一而又与欧洲大陆隔离，可以适合科学研究的各种需要。在那里只要没有干扰发展的条件，一个同质的社会能毫不困难地达到三四亿人口。在欧洲或亚洲，不受干扰的社会进化过去是未听说过的。没有干扰，进化似乎就停止了。而只要有出现干扰的地方，就不可能有永久一成不变的东西。各个民族都相继适应了这条必然的规律。 17.Jack London

1) Life itself led London to reject this approach in his writing.2) He knew what it meant to be one of the disinherited to be chained to the deadening routine of the machine and to soul-destroying labor for an insufficient reward.3) Consequently he swept aside not only the

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literature that pretended that ours is a society of sweetness and light but also that which contended that the inculcation of the spirit of Christian fellowship would put an end to class controversy.4) He did not oppose labor organization nor balk at the strike as a weapon of labor; rather he took his heroes and heroines from the labor movement and wove his plots within their struggles.5) He poured into his writings all the pain of his life the fierce hatred of the bourgeoisie that it had produced in him and the conviction it had brought to him that world could be made a better place to live in if the exploited would rise up and take the management of society out of the hands of the exploiters. 17参考译文

生活本身使杰克 伦敦不能接受这样的看法。他知道作为一个被剥夺应有权利的人是什么滋味，也知道为得到微薄的工资天天困守在令人麻木的机器旁，干着心力交瘁的活儿是什么滋味。因此，他不仅撇开把我们的社会粉饰成一个光明美好的社会的一些作品，而且也反对主张灌输基督教的博爱精神就能消除阶级矛盾的那些作品。他不反对劳工组织，也不阻拦把罢工作为劳工斗争武器；而是从劳工运动中摄取他作品中的男女主人公，把他的故事情节交织在这些人的斗争中。他把他生活中遭受的痛苦，把这种痛苦在他心里产生的对资产阶级的深恶痛绝，把这种痛苦带给他的一种信念全部倾注在自己的作品里。这种信念便是：如果被压迫的人们站起来，从剥削者手中夺取社会管理权，那么世界就会变成一个人们能生活较好的地方。

18. Standardized Tests

1) Standardized tests have been the target of recent attacks in the daily press.2) The target is wrong for in attacking the tests critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill—informed or incompetent users.3) All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance.4) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount reliability and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is isnterpreted.5) In general the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined.6) They identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized but there are many things they do not do.7) For example they do not compensate for gross social inequality and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been gad he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 18参考译文

标准化测试最近受到报纸的批评。把它作为批评的目标是不对的，因为批评者没有注意到问题是人们测试不甚了解或使用不当。对将来的表现进行有根据的预测是依据对过去相关表现的了解。而这些测试在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所用的信息的数量、可靠程度和适宜性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。一般说来，当所要测定的东西能很精确地界定时，测试最为有效，而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确界定时，测试效果就差。测试能确定一个学生先前未被人们注意到的潜力，但是也有很多东西它们不能测试。例如测试并不弥补明显的社会不公，因此不能测定一个物质条件差的年轻人如果让他在较好的环境下成长，可能会有多大的才干。 19参考译文

卡特总统近来不断把他最亲近的顾问召集到一起，以便对他的政府的棘手问题进行一次称之为“不留情面的重新评价”，可是谁会向他说真话？你几乎可以把这一点看成首都的一种惯例：历届总统都经常请他们的助手提出“直率的批评”，可是他们听不到什么批评，而且即使听到了，通常他们也不照着去做。出现这种情况的原因倒并非不清楚。白宫椭圆型办

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公室是美国最令人生畏的一个房间。它使多数进入这间房子的人产生一种需要尊敬的感觉，甚至在国会上对总统咆哮如雷的议员们跨进白宫大门后，也往往把声音压低一些，按照事先准备好的稿子讲话。白宫的助手们很少在向总统提出不同意见时不表现出惶恐不安的。就是基辛格这个有点傲气，喜欢乱发言论的人在把他知道要发生的灾难告诉尼克松也有点踌躇不前。

19. President Carter

1) President Carter has been calling his closest advisers together for what is called as a hard reappraisal of his administration’s troubles but who will tell him the truth? 2) You can almost put it down as a general rule in this town that presidents often invite ―honest criticism‖ from their aides but seldom get it and usually don’t follow it when they do.3) The reasons for this are not obscure.4) The Oval Office is the most frightening room in America.5) It imposes a kind of respect on most visitors and even those legislative lions who roar against the president on Capital Hill tend to usually lower their voices and follow their prepared speeches when they walk through the White House door.6) Few While House aides dare to say anything against the president without betraying their fears.7) Even Henry Kissinger who is not an excessively modest or silent man hesitated to face President Nixon with the disaster he knew lay ahead.

20. AIDS

1) But AIDS deprives us of our roles in the customary death scene intervenes in any comfortable transaction we might have negotiated with Death.2) It is epidemic and so can never be quite individual.3) It comes unjustly before its time sparing or striking arbitrarily and so can never be wholly inevitable.4) Because of its arbitrary choices too one can never quite call it a consequence of one’s own actions never entirely take responsibility for it as the hero of a tragic drama ought to be able to do 5) It simply is there scattering fates this way and that truncating some lives and leaving others mysteriously carefree prolonging some torments hideously and cutting off others with the gentle snap of a leaf falling in autumn.6) Its combination of caprice and control carried out on so large a scale undercuts almost any response we can summon. 7) We react to it with a puzzled inhibited caution fearing simultaneously for our lives—a set of nervous supporting players in a show whose volatile star has unexpectedly come onstage drunk with a loaded gun 20参考译文

但是艾滋病使我们失去了一个人在传统的死时所能起的作用，改变了我们或许在过去能平静地与死神斗争的方式。艾滋病是流行性的，所以决不是个人的事。它在发作前就不公正地出现人们身上，不让人得这个病或让人得这个病，是任意的，所以决不是完全不可避免的。同样由于这种病是任意性的，我们决不能把它说成是自己行为的结果，决不能像悲剧中的主人公要对此负全部的责任。艾滋病就这样，把厄运带给这人或那人，夺去一些人的生命，而使有一些人就像秋天的落叶被轻轻地摘去。它流行甚广，虽不是无法控制，却来去突然，使我们不能有足够的反应。我们的反应表现得迷惑，拘谨和小心翼翼，同时担心自己的生命，就像一幕戏里战战兢兢的配角，看着反复无常的主角突然跑到台上，醉醺醺的，手握一支上膛的手枪。

21. On Incorruptibility

1) This reputation for incorruptibility is the greatest of our advantages in administering the Empire.2) Its rarity among nearly all the other peoples I have known raises our officials almost to the level of divine superiority and without it we could not hold the Empire together nor would it be worth the pains.3) A business man who has worked long under the system of concessions in

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