Learn General Secretary on \o learn a\hening \s\speech caused a strong reaction in the country. ime, watching \n of building the party back to power, how to strengthen services for the masses, improve party cohesion, fighting to become the grass-roots party members and masses hot topic. Grass-roots party organizations \nd cadres, the pioneer spirit. Distribution of grass-roots party organizations in all walks of people, clothing, shelter, which belongs to the nerve endings of the party organization and comments reputation has a direct perception of the masses. Strengthen the party ahead of the \dal\hen the party members and cadres \does not have to be me\hardships, the last to\spirit to set the party's positive image among the people is important. Grass-roots party organizations \nse all people not happy not to see \otypes\blish the honest faithful, diligent faith for the people. No need to avoid mentioning that, some members of our party can not stand the \y,\hou, such abuse and corrupt bribery, malfeasance borers, and rats. Two, is to clean up, thin, Xu, Zhou's solution to restore the party's fresh and natural, solid and honest work style. Cleansing \nd behaviour, \d and cold, push\oots party organizations \hen the sense of ordinary party members, participating in consciousness, unity consciousness. For reasons known, members of grass-roots party branches less mobile, less resources, and the construction of party organizations have some lag. Two studies, is to focus on the grass-roots party branches \nd cadres, \orking\Strong cleanup actions, style and rambling, presumptuous \d\s special attention to party members and cadres \ning party of thought\ng\ned in the long-term development of our party's historical experience accumulated. Two is our party under the new historical conditions, strengthen the party's construction of a new \oots party organizations should always catch the hard work, results-oriented. Two educational outcomes are long-term oriented and become an important impetus for the work. \d have three kinds of consciousness \sic learning lies in the doing. Only the Constitution address the series of party rules, and do solid work, be qualified party members had a solid ideological basis. Only the \ng\y, to form a \earn-do-do\ctive of education. This requires that the Organization普通动物学复习资料（第二版）

0 绪论 0.1动物学的概念及研究的目的 概念：动物学是研究动物体的形态结构和有关生命活动规律的科学 分科：按研究对象分：原生动物学、贝类学、鱼类学等；按研究内容分：形态学、生理学、生态学、胚胎学等；按研究重点和服务范畴分：理论动物学、医用动物学、蚕桑学、水产学等 意义：1.动物资源的保护、开发和持续利用方面2.在农业和畜牧业发展方面 3.在医药卫生方面4.在工业工程方面5.在仿生学方面 0.2动物学的发展简史及研究方法:1859年，英国科学家达尔文出版了《物种起源》一书。研究方法：描述（观察）法；比较法；实验法 0.3生物的分界及动物在生物界中的地位 在1735年出版的《自然系统》一书中明确将生物分为植物和动物两大类。即最古老的两界系统。 三界系统：19世纪，霍格和赫克尔提出三界系统，创立了原生生物界。 四界系统：1938年，考柏兰提出将细菌、蓝藻细胞等细微结构确定为原核生物界，其他生物均属于真核生物。 五界系统：1969年，惠特克把真菌从植物中分离出来，立为真菌界。 五界分类系统 原核生物界 特征 无明显的细胞核，没有 膜包被的细胞器，都是 一些微小的单细胞生物 类别 古细菌、细菌、 蓝细菌等 代表动物 作用或用途 大肝肠菌、 螺旋藻 有机物的降解；自养或异养；工业 发酵，造成水体污染，致病，提供 单细胞蛋白及生物工程材料等 原生生物界 为真核细胞，单细胞或多 细胞群体，大部分生活在 水环境中 原生动物类、真核藻类、粘菌 草履虫、小球藻 有的行光合作用，是海洋或者湖泊 中的原初生产者，有的是古代 石油来源等 真菌界 为真核细胞,但无叶绿素, 不能光合作用,行腐生营养 植物界 真核、多细胞、具有根、 茎、叶和繁殖器官的分化， 光合自养 动物界 真核、多细胞、异养、 无细胞壁，大多数器官 和组织发达，能运动 海绵动物、腔肠动物、 环节动物、软体动物、 节肢动物、脊索动物 各种动物 苔藓植物、蕨类植物、 裸子植物、 被子植物等 各种植物 霉菌、子囊菌、 担子菌 青霉、木耳、 猴头菇 降解有机物，致病， 作物病害，制药食品等。 吸收二氧化碳，放出氧气； 与人类衣食住行联系紧密。 吸收氧气，放出二氧化碳； 有的是高蛋白食物的主要来源。 earning education, need three kinds of consciousness: one is to establish an integrated awareness. \ning\car isTwo-wheel, bird wings, need to go hand in hand, one end can be neglected. Communist theoretician and man. Only by closely combining theory and practice together in order to truly realize their value. \arning\on, the Foundation is not strong, shaking; \net thousands of accounts. \s, going to \so that the \ng\ck to standard, so that the majority of party members \ng theory of nutrients, in the \ce party's purposes. Second, to establish a sense of depth. \ning\organic unity of the whole. \ning education, we need to explore integrating \ning\\nce\d the \ng\ple room instruction, \o a monotone for doing. Should exploration \has \has \ducation and practice of carrier, makes general grass-roots members can in \evements sense, in \s \ of theory brain into heart, put for people service concept outside of Yu shaped. Third, to adhere to long-term the awareness. Style construction on the road forever, \catch the long-term. \on, by no means, assault-style wind-sport, but the recurrent education within the party. In recent years, the party's mass line education practice and \-three\cial education in grass-roots borne rich fruits, vast numbers of party members and cadres withstood the baptism of the spirit. \onger hold long-term, to establish and perfect the effective mechanism of the education, focusing on the creation of long-term education, strive to make the vast number of party members to maintain their vanguard Color, maintain the party's advanced nature and purity. Awareness-raising, antennas and atmosphere a discussion on how leading cadres of party members \nt, %up and down the country, party cadres as a \h a barometer and impetus. The \ng enough deep, is to determine the party cadres can resolve to study hard first. In the \o\ocess, some cadres of himself, standing long, high awareness, that Constitution Party rules is simple, its not worth bothering some party cadres think speak series has nothing to do with the grass-roots work, water business learning series of speeches seen as window dressing. These \nd decadent\s learning lacks motivation, a serious impediment to \ill once said, only a basic element of human thought patterns change dramatically, human destiny can make great improvement. The same, only party members and Learn General Secretary on \o learn a\hening \s\speech caused a strong reaction in the country. ime, watching \n of building the party back to power, how to strengthen services for the masses, improve party cohesion, fighting to become the grass-roots party members and masses hot topic. Grass-roots party organizations \nd cadres, the pioneer spirit. Distribution of grass-roots party organizations in all walks of people, clothing, shelter, which belongs to the nerve endings of the party organization and comments reputation has a direct perception of the masses. Strengthen the party ahead of the \dal\hen the party members and cadres \does not have to be me\d \hardships, the last to\spirit to set the party's positive image among the people is important. Grass-roots party organizations \nse all people not happy not to see \otypes\blish the honest faithful, diligent faith for the people. No need to avoid mentioning that, some members of our party can not stand the \y,\hou, such abuse and corrupt bribery, malfeasance borers, and rats. Two, is to clean up, thin, Xu, Zhou's solution to restore the party's fresh and natural, solid and honest work style. Cleansing \nd behaviour, \d and cold, push\oots party organizations \hen the sense of ordinary party members, participating in consciousness, unity consciousness. For reasons known, members of grass-roots party branches less mobile, less resources, and the construction of party organizations have some lag. Two studies, is to focus on the grass-roots party branches \nd cadres, \orking\Strong cleanup actions, style and rambling, presumptuous \d\s special attention to party members and cadres \ning party of thought\ng\ned in the long-term development of our party's historical experience accumulated. Two is our party under the new historical conditions, strengthen the party's construction of a new \oots party organizations should always catch the hard work, results-oriented. Two educational outcomes are long-term oriented and become an important impetus for the work. \d have three kinds of consciousness \sic learning lies in the doing. Only the Constitution address the series of party rules, and do solid work, be qualified party members had a solid ideological basis. Only the \ng\y, to form a \earn-do-do\ctive of education. This requires that the Organization 0.4 动物分类的知识

0.4.1物种的概念:物种简称种,是分类学的基本单元，是互交繁殖的自然群体，与其他群体在生殖上相互隔离，在自然界 占据一个特殊的生态位。

生殖隔离:两个种之间不能交配,或交配后不能产生杂种后代,或产生的杂种后代不具有正常的生育能力。

生态位:指的是该群体即该物种,觅食的地点、食物的种类和大小、还有其每日的和季节性的生物节律等。

亚种:由于地理隔离,种内各分布地的不同群体间有一定的差异,但尚未到达生殖隔离的程度,则这些群体为该物种的不同亚种。

变种:少数个体出现有别于种群的新特征 品种:由人工培育成有一定规模、有可稳定遗传的经济性状的生物群体，如粤黄鸡、长白猪等。品种不是正式的分类等级。一个物种可含一到多个品种。

0.4.2种的命名---双名法：拉丁文的属名加种名表示物种。

0.4.3分类阶元：现行通用的分类等级共七级，依次是界、门、纲、目、科、属、种。

0.4.4动物界的主要类群:单细胞真核生物——原生动物门(Protozoa) 无脊椎动物类群: 侧生动物—海绵动物门 辐射对称的动物——腔肠动物门 三胚层无体腔动物——扁形动物门 具有假体腔的动物——线形动物门 真体腔不分节的动物——软体动物门 分节的真体腔原口动物——环节动物门 身体分节有附肢的原口动物——节肢动物门 无脊椎后口动物——辐射对称的棘皮动物门——半索动物门 脊索动物类群： 最高等的动物门类——脊索动物门 低等的无颌脊椎动物——圆口纲 适应水生生活的鱼类——软骨鱼纲——硬骨鱼纲 由水生向陆生转变的过渡动物——两栖纲 真正陆生的变温、羊膜动物——爬行纲 翱翔天空的恒温脊椎动物——鸟纲 最高等的脊椎动物——哺乳纲 0.5 生物多样性的保护与持续利用:生物多样性是一个地区内基因、物种和生态系统多样性的总和。

1动物的基本结构与机能组织

1.1 动物体结构与功能的基本单位——细胞

细胞周期：细胞从一次分裂开始到下次分裂开始所经历的全过程称为一个细胞周期。包括有丝分裂期和分裂间期。

1.2 组织:定义:是一些形态类似,机能相同的细胞群及其非细胞形态的间质结合在一起,共同完成一定机能的集体

根据结构和功能特点，组织通常分为上皮组织、结缔组织、肌肉组织和神经组织.

上皮组织:特点:细胞排列紧密,细胞间质少.一般分布在动物体表和体内各种管

earning education, need three kinds of consciousness: one is to establish an integrated awareness. \ning\car isTwo-wheel, bird wings, need to go hand in hand, one end can be neglected. Communist theoretician and man. Only by closely combining theory and practice together in order to truly realize their value. \arning\on, the Foundation is not strong, shaking; \net thousands of accounts. \s, going to \so that the \ng\ck to standard, so that the majorityof party members \ng theory of nutrients, in the \ce party's purposes. Second, to establish a sense of depth. \ning\organic unity of the whole. \ning education, we need to explore integrating \ning\\nce\d the \ng\ple room instruction, \o a monotone for doing. Should exploration \has \has \ducation and practice of carrier, makes general grass-roots members can in \evements sense, in \s \n into heart, put for people service concept outside of Yu shaped. Third, to adhere to long-term the awareness. Style construction on the road forever, \catch the long-term. \on, by no means, assault-style wind-sport, but the recurrent education within the party. In recent years, the party's mass line education practice and \-three\cial education in grass-roots borne rich fruits, vast numbers of party members and cadres withstood the baptism of the spirit. \onger hold long-term, to establish and perfect the effective mechanism of the education, focusing on the creation of long-term education, strive to make the vast number of party members to maintain their vanguard Color, maintain the party's advanced nature and purity. Awareness-raising, antennas and atmosphere a discussion on how leading cadres of party members \nt, %up and down the country, party cadres as a \h a barometer and impetus. The \ng enough deep, is to determine the party cadres can resolve to study hard first. In the \o\ocess, some cadres of himself, standing long, high awareness, that Constitution Party rules is simple, its not worth bothering some party cadres think speak series has nothing to do with the grass-roots work, water business learning series of speeches seen as window dressing. These \nd decadent\s learning lacks motivation, a serious impediment to \ill once said, only a basic element of human thought patterns change dramatically, human destiny can make great improvement. The same, only party members andLearn General Secretary on \o learn a\hening \s\speech caused a strong reaction in the country. ime, watching \n of building the party back to power, how to strengthen services for the masses, improve party cohesion, fighting to become the grass-roots party members and masses hot topic. Grass-roots party organizations \nd cadres, the pioneer spirit. Distribution of grass-roots party organizations in all walks of people, clothing, shelter, which belongs to the nerve endings of the party organization and comments reputation has a direct perception of the masses. Strengthen the party ahead of the \dal\hen the party members and cadres \does not have to be me\hardships, the last to\spirit to set the party's positive image among the people is important. Grass-roots party organizations \nse all people not happy not to see \otypes\blish the honest faithful, diligent faith for the people. No need to avoid mentioning that, some members of our party can not stand the \y,\hou, such abuse and corrupt bribery, malfeasance borers, and rats. Two, is to clean up, thin, Xu, Zhou's solution to restore the party's fresh and natural, solid and honest work style. Cleansing \nd behaviour, \d and cold, push\oots party organizations \hen the sense of ordinary party members, participating in consciousness, unity consciousness. For reasons known, members of grass-roots party branches less mobile, less resources, and the construction of party organizations have some lag. Two studies, is to focus on the grass-roots party branches \nd cadres, \orking\Strong cleanup actions, style and rambling, presumptuous \d\s special attention to party members and cadres \ning party of thought\ng\ned in the long-term development of our party's historical experience accumulated. Two is our party under the new historical conditions, strengthen the party's construction of a new \oots party organizations should always catch the hard work, results-oriented. Two educational outcomes are long-term oriented and become an important impetus for the work. \d have three kinds of consciousness \sic learning lies in the doing. Only the Constitution address the series of party rules, and do solid work, be qualified party members had a solid ideological basis. Only the \ng\y, to form a \earn-do-do\ctive of education. This requires that the Organization道、腔、囊等的内表面上，简称上皮。

上皮组织:功能:主要是保护，还有吸收营养物质、排出代谢物质、分泌等。 上皮组织:类型:上皮细胞排列方式有单层和复层之分。细胞的形状又有扁平、立方、柱状。

结缔组织:特点:细胞间质发达,细胞分散于细胞间质中;是动物体内分布最广,形态结构最多样化的一大类组织。细胞间质包括基质和纤维。纤维又分为胶原纤维、弹性纤维、网状纤维3种。

结缔组织: 功能：连接、支持、防御、营养、修复以及物质运输等

疏松结缔组织:由纤维(胶原纤维和弹性纤维),细胞(成纤维细胞,巨噬细胞,浆细胞等)和基质组成的松散结构

致密结缔组织:由大量胶原纤维或弹性纤维组成，基质和细胞较少。如肌腱、韧带等。

脂肪细胞:主要由脂肪细胞组成,脂肪细胞呈球形,细胞内有大型脂肪滴,将细胞核和少量细胞质挤在细胞边缘

软骨组织:特化的结缔组织,由软骨细胞,纤维,基质组成,软骨细胞埋在由基质形成的骨陷窝内,基质内有纤维根据纤维的性质可分成三种类型:透明软骨;弹性软骨;纤维软骨

骨组织：是一种坚硬的结缔组织.间质由骨基质(包括有机物和硫酸钙、磷酸钙）和骨纤维（骨胶纤维）组成

血液：液态的结缔组织，由血细胞和血浆组成。血浆相当于间质，包括纤维蛋白原和血清。

肌肉组织:特点：由肌细胞构成，无间质 功能：舒缩。

分类：根据形态结构和分布，肌肉组织可分为骨骼肌、心肌和平滑肌

骨骼肌:1.大部分附着于骨骼上，细胞长圆柱形；2.细胞核多个，位于细胞膜内侧，合胞体；(横纹肌) 3.具横纹（明、暗带）；4.一般受意志支配，为随意肌 平滑肌:1.细胞梭形；2.细胞核1个，位于中央；3.广泛存在于脊椎动物的各种内脏器官，收缩不受意识支配，不随意肌

心肌:1.细胞短圆柱形，具分支；2.细胞核1个，位于中央；3.具横纹，不明显；4.两细胞连接处具闰盘，电镜下为凹凸相嵌的双层膜，对兴奋传导有重要作用。5.构成心脏的肌肉组织，有节律性的收缩，不受意识支配，是不随意肌。 神经组织：由神经细胞和神经胶质构成 功能：1.神经细胞的功能是感受刺激、传导兴奋2.神经胶质有支持、保护、营养的功能

1.3 器官和系统器官:器官:由不同类型的组织结合而成,具有一定的形态特征和生理功能的结构.

系统:功能上有密切联系的不同器官,相互协同以完成机体某一方面生理机能,就成为一个系统.

earning education, need three kinds of consciousness: one is to establish an integrated awareness. \ning\car isTwo-wheel, bird wings, need to go hand in hand, one end can be neglected. Communist theoretician and man. Only by closely combining theory and practice together in order to truly realize their value. \arning\on, the Foundation is not strong, shaking; \net thousands of accounts. \s, going to \so that the \ng\ck to standard, so that the majority of party members \ng theory of nutrients, in the \ce party's purposes. Second, to establish a sense of depth. \ning\organic unity of the whole. \ning education, we need to explore integrating \ning\\nce\d the \ng\ple roomnstruction, \o a monotone for doing. Should exploration \has \has \ducation and practice of carrier, makes general grass-roots members can in \evements sense, in \s \n into heart, put for people service concept outside of Yu shaped. Third, to adhere to long-term the awareness. Style construction on the road forever, \catch the long-term. \on, by no means, assault-style wind-sport, but the recurrent education within the party. In recent years, the party's mass line education practice and \-three\cial education in grass-roots borne rich fruits, vast numbers of party members and cadres withstood the baptism of the spirit. \onger hold long-term, to establish and perfect the effective mechanism of the education, focusing on the creation of long-term education, strive to make the vast number of party members to maintain their vanguard Color, maintain the party's advanced nature and purity. Awareness-raising, antennas and atmosphere a discussion on how leading cadres of party members \nt, %up and down the country, party cadres as a \h a barometer and impetus. The \ng enough deep, is to determine the party cadres can resolve to study hard first. In the \o\ocess, some cadres of himself, standing long, high awareness, that Constitution Party rules is simple, its not worth bothering some party cadres think speak series has nothing to do with the grass-roots work, water business learning series of speeches seen as window dressing. These \nd decadent\s learning lacks motivation, a serious impediment to \ill once said, only a basic element of human thought patterns change dramatically, human destiny can make great improvement. The same, only party members and