管理学大师 斯蒂芬·P·罗宾斯 《组织行为学》MBA授课

讲义

CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES

After reading this chapter students should be able to: 1. Define organizational behavior (OB).

2. Identify the primary behavioral disciplines contributing to OB. 3. Describe the three goals of OB.

4. List the major challenges and opportunities for managers to use OB concepts. 5. Describe how OB concepts can help make organizations more productive.

6. Discuss why work force diversity has become an important issue in management. 7. Explain how managers and organizations are responding to the problem of employee

ethical dilemmas.

8. Discuss how knowledge of OB can help managers stimulate organizational innovation

and change.

LECTURE OUTLINE

I.

THE FIELD OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR A. Definition

1. Organizational behavior is the systematic study of the actions and attitudes

that people exhibit within organizations. (ppt 4) 2. Key parts of the definition

a) Systematic study (ppt 5)

(1) The use of scientific evidence gathered under controlled conditions

and measured and interpreted in a reasonably rigorous manner to attribute cause and effect. (ppt 6)

(2) OB—its theories and conclusions—is based on a large number of

systematically designed research studies.

b) Systematic study of actions (or behaviors) and attitudes include three

areas: productivity, absenteeism, and turnover. (ppt 7)

(1) Managers clearly are concerned with the quantity and quality of

output that each employee generates.

(2) Absence and turnover—particularly excessively high rates—can

adversely affect this output.

(3) Organizational citizenship—discretionary behavior that is not part of

an employee’s formal job requirements but promotes effective organizational functioning—is a fourth type of behavior that has recently been found to be important in determining employee performance. (ppt 8-9)

(4) Organizational behavior is also concerned with employee job

satisfaction, which is an attitude. (ppt 10) (5) Job satisfaction is a concern for three reasons.

(a) There may be a link between satisfaction and productivity. (b) Satisfaction appears to be negatively related to absenteeism and

turnover.

(c) It can be argued that managers have a humanistic responsibility

to provide their employees with jobs that are challenging, intrinsically rewarding, and satisfying.

c) Systematic study of people within an organization

(1) OB is specifically concerned with work-related behavior. (2) An organization is a consciously coordinated social unit, which

comprises two or more people and functions on a relatively

continuous basis to achieve a common goal or set of goals. (ppt 11) (3) OB is characterized by formal roles that define and shape the

behavior of its members. B. Contributing Disciplines (ppt 12)

1. Organizational behavior is applied behavioral science.

a) The predominant contributing disciplines are psychology, sociology,

social psychology, anthropology, and political science.

b) Psychology contributes mainly at the individual/micro level of analysis,

whereas the latter disciplines contribute on the group/macro level of analysis.

2. Psychology is the science that seeks to measure, explain, and sometimes

change the behavior of humans and other animals.

a) Psychologists concern themselves with studying and attempting to

understand individual behavior.

b) Contributors are learning theorists, personality theorists, counseling

psychologists, and, most important, industrial and organizational psychologists.

c) Early industrial psychologists concerned themselves with problems of

fatigue, boredom, and any other factor relevant to working conditions that could impede efficient work performance.

d) More recently, their contributions have been expanded to include learning,

perception, personality, emotions, training, leadership effectiveness, needs and motivational forces, job satisfaction, decision-making processes, performance appraisals, attitude measurement, employee-selection techniques, job design, and work stress.

3. Sociology studies people in relation to their fellow human beings.

a) Greatest contribution has resulted from their study of group behavior in

organizations, particularly formal and complex organizations.

b) Areas of valuable input include group dynamics, design of work teams,

organizational culture, formal organization theory and structure, bureaucracy, communications, status, power, conflict, and work/life balance.

4. Social psychology is an area within psychology, blending concepts from

psychology and sociology.

a) It focuses on the influence of people on one another.

b) A major area of concern—change—how to implement it and how to

reduce barriers to its acceptance.

c) Areas of significant contributions are in measuring, understanding, and

changing attitudes, communication patterns, the ways in which group activities can satisfy individual needs, and group decision-making processes.

5. Anthropology is the study of societies to learn about human beings and their

activities.

a) It includes human physical character, evolutionary history, geographic

distribution, group relationships, and cultural history and practices. b) This has helped us understand differences in fundamental values,

attitudes, and behavior between people in different countries and within organizations.