高级英语（张汉熙）第二册 课文翻译与课后习题答案
5. This essay gives a new insight into imperialism. Yes, he has succeeded in showing that imperialism is an \
6. Orwell is good at the appropriate use of simple but forceful words and the clever choice of the scenes he describes. His lucid style and fine attention to significant descriptive details efficiently conveyed to the readers the central idea \empires are in reality founded upon this fact\
IV. 1. The buring-ground is nothing more than a huge piece of wasteland full of mounds of earth looking like a deserted and abandoned piece of land on which a building was going to be put up.
2. All the imperialists build up their empires by treating the people in the colonies like animals (by not treating the people in the colonies as human beings).
3. They are born. Then for a few years they work, toil and starve. Finally they die and are buried in graves without a name.
4. Sitting with his legs crossed and using a very old-fashioned lathe, a carpenter quickly gives a round shape to the chair-legs he is making. 5. Immediately from their dark hole-like cells everywhere a great number of Jews rushed out wildly excited. 6. Every one of these poor Jews looked on the cigarette as a piece of luxury which they could not possibly afford. 7. However, a white-skinned European is always quite noticeable.
8. If you take a look at the natural scenery in a tropical region, you see everything but the human beings.
9. No one would think of organizing cheap trips for the tourists to visit the poor slum areas (for these trips 42V．Ⅵ．Ⅶ. would not be interesting)．
10．life is very hard for ninety percent of the people．With hard backbreaking toil they can produce a little food on the poor soil． 11．She took it for granted that as an old woman she was the lowest in the community，that。she was only fit for doing heavy work like an animal．
12．People with brown skins are almost invisible．
13．The Senegales soldiers were wearing ready—made khaki uniforms which hid their beautiful well—built bodies． 14．How much longer before they turn their guns around and attack us?。
15．Every white man，the onlookers，the officers on their horses and the white N．C．Os．marching with the black soldiers，had this thought hidden somewhere or other in his mind． Ⅴ.See the translation of the text．
Ⅵ.1．chant：words repeated in a monotonous tone of voice
2．navvy：abbreviation of “navigator”，a British word meaning an unskilled laborer，as on canals，，roads，etc． 3．Stow：put or hide away in a safe place 4．warp：bend，curve，or twist out of shape
5．self-contained：self—sufficient；having within oneself or itself all that is necessary 6．wretched：poor in quality，very inferior
7．mummified：thin and withered，looking like a mummy
8．reach—me—down：(British colloquialism)second—hand or ready—made clothing 9． charger：a horse ridden in battle or on parade
Ⅶ．cry指因痛苦、忧伤或悲哀而发出悲切的声音，并伴以流 泪。weep更具体，强调流泪；sob指呜呜咽咽、一吸一顿 地哭泣；wail指无法抑制悲哀而拖长声调痛哭；whimper43 指像受惊的小孩一样声音压抑地、时断时续地哭；moan 则指因悲伤或痛苦而低声地、拖长声调地哀叹。
2．mania本指狂郁精神病所表现出的症状，具体表现为喜怒无常，时哭时笑，行为不能自制；delirium指暂时性精神极端错乱(如酒醉发烧时)，具体表现为烦躁不安、语无伦次和产生幻觉；frenzy是非医学用语，指狂暴不能自制。 hysteria在精神病学上指心因性紊乱，表现为容易激动、焦躁不安、感官和运动功能紊乱以及不自觉地模拟眼瞎、 耳聋等。用于引申义时，mania指对于某事的爱好达到狂热的程度，成为癖好，如a mania for drinking(嗜酒)；delirium 指极度兴奋，如a delirium of joy(狂喜)；hysteria指强烈的、不可控制的感情爆发，如：She laughed and cried in her hysteria．(她又是笑又是哭，感情难以控制。)。
3．flash指突发的、短暂而耀眼的闪光；gleam指黑暗中闪现出的一束稳定的光线；sparkle指星星点点的闪光；glitter 指由物体反射出的星星点点的闪光；glisten指外部亮光反 射于沾水的平面上而显出的光亮；shimmer指由微波荡漾的水面反照出的柔和的闪光。 Ⅷ．1．burying—ground(verbal noun in— ing + noun)：drinking cup， hiding place，diving board，waiting room，freezing point， carving knife，writing desk，typing paper，swimming suit
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高级英语（张汉熙）第二册 课文翻译与课后习题答案
2．gravestone(noun +noun)：oilwell，silkworm，shirt— sleeves，girl—friend，gaslight，bloodstain，frogman，win— dow—pane 3．mid—air(adjective +noun)：half—brother，black—market， half—pay。darkroom，madman，double—talk，hothouse， handy man 4．orercrowding(adverb +verbal noun in—ing)：dry-cleaning，overeating，oversleeping，deep—freezing， underpricing， underrating，down—grading，up—dating
5．nine—tenths(adj．from a cardinal number +noun，from an44ordinal number) : one-fifth, two-sixths, three-eighths, one-ninth
IX. 1. \read\d that the crowd could hardly pass through.
2. \nameless mounds of the graveyard\
3. \man walked carefully.
4. \cigarettes and came crawling out, groping in the air with his hand\clear picture of a blind man desiring to get a cigarette.
5. \are in.
6. \as in\the file of old women had hobbled past the house with their firewood \indicating that these women could not walk properly because of the heavy load they were carrying.
7. \ 8. \treasured that piece of bread.
Ⅹ.1.After the British army had lost all its equipment at Dunkirk, there was only a single armored divison left to protect the home island. 2. Although the dry prairie land will drift away in dust storms, it is still being plowed for profitless wheat farming. 3. If the educational program is to succeed, it has to have more than mere financial support from the government. 4. They have wasted their natural resources, which they should have protected and conserved. 5. Soon other settlers were coming in over the first rough trail which the Caldwell family had opened.
6. The Smithsonian Institute is constantly working, with little or no publicity, for a better understanding of nature for man's benefit. 7. Queen Mary was easily shaken by passions--passions of love and of hatred and revenge. 8. For a few days I dreaded opening the door of his office.
9. Concealed by the fog of early dawn, I crawled out and made my way to the beach.
10. Leaving the door of the safe unlocked and taking the leather bag of coins, I walked down the street toward the bank.
Ⅺ.1.\of this paragraph has completely forgotten what he had started out to say. Instead of being an \ paragraph be-comes a pleasant and exciting experience--which it probably is, but that is not what the writer set out to prove. \Japanese food\opening sentence, e. g. \from the male point of view, Japanese restaurants are attractive for another reason--the beautiful little doll-like waitresses, who bow and smile shyly as they serve your food.
Ⅻ. pulled, feel, goes, went, come, fe11, altered, paralyzed seemed, sagged, slobbered, settled, imagined, fired, collapse, climbed, drooping, did, jolt, knock, falling, tower, reaching, trumpeted, came, shake ⅩⅢ. Omitted.
ⅪⅤ. Shack Dwellers in Old Shanghai
At the edge of Old Shanghai, there were some areas neglected by the splendid city: they were desolate, dirty, and lay humbly at the foot of high-rise factory chimney. From the point of view of the city residents, these places were not suit- able for men. There, however, did live crowds of creature called human beings. They dwelled in the shacks they built themselves. A shack was made up of mud and dried hay--the former being the component of walls and the latter being the roof. Usually there was a small door with a thin wooden board and seldom was there any window. One could easily touch the roof with his hand. The shack was small and dim, thus the door was seldom kept closed. When it rained or blew, there
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高级英语（张汉熙）第二册 课文翻译与课后习题答案
was no more difference inside than outside.
How did they manage to live? Some of them were road builders: they dug hard with a pickaxe, pulled a huge stone roller to flatten the road, or dug gutters underground all the day. Some made a living by wheelbarrow. With a load of nearly 500 kilogrammes, they pushed forward sweating all over. Some dragged their rickshaws. And among those shack dwellers were many industrial workers, male and female. When a child grew to be thirteen, he or she started to work in a factory. In short, the vast majority of the people did toil but got a slight gain.
第三课 酒肆闲聊与标准英语
亨利?费尔利
人类的一切活动中，只有闲谈最宜于增进友谊，而且是人类特有的一种活动。动物之间的信息交流，不论其方式何等复杂，也是称不上交谈的。
闲谈的引人人胜之处就在于它没有一个事先定好的话题。它时而迂回流淌，时而奔腾起伏，时而火花四射，时而热情洋溢，话题最终会扯到什么地方去谁也拿不准。要是有人觉得“有些话要说”，那定会大煞风景，使闲聊无趣。闲聊不是为了进行争论。闲聊中常常会有争论，不过其目的并不是为了说服对方。闲聊之中是不存在什么输赢胜负的。事实上，真正善于闲聊的人往往是随时准备让步的。也许他们偶然间会觉得该把自己最得意的奇闻轶事选出一件插进来讲一讲，但一转眼大家已谈到别处去了，插话的机会随之而失，他们也就听之任之。
或许是由于我从小混迹于英国小酒馆的缘故吧，我觉得酒瞎里的闲聊别有韵味。酒馆里的朋友对别人的生活毫无了解，他们只是临时凑到一起来的，彼此并无深交。他们之中也许有人面临婚因破裂，或恋爱失败，或碰到别的什么不顺心的事儿，但别人根本不管这些。他们就像大仲马笔下的三个火枪手一样，虽然日夕相处，却从不过问彼此的私事，也不去揣摸别人内心的秘密。
有一天晚上的情形正是这样。人们正漫无边际地东扯西拉，从最普通的凡人俗事谈到有关木星的科学趣闻。谈了半天也没有一个中心话题，事实上也不需要有一个中心话题。可突然间大伙儿的话题都集中到了一处，中心话题奇迹般地出现了。我记不起她那句话是在什么情况下说出来的——她显然不是预先想好把那句话带到酒馆里来说的，那也不是什么非说不可的要紧话——我只知道她那句话是随着大伙儿的话题十分自然地脱口而出的。
“几天前，我听到一个人说‘标准英语’这个词语是带贬义的批评用语，指的是人们应该尽量避免使用的英语。”
此语一出，谈话立即热烈起来。有人赞成，也有人怒斥，还有人则不以为然。最后，当然少不了要像处理所有这种场合下的意见分歧一样，由大家说定次日一早去查证一下。于是，问题便解决了。不过，酒馆闲聊并不需要解决什么问题，大伙儿仍旧可以糊里糊涂地继续闲扯下去。
告诉她“标准英语”应作那种解释的原来是个澳大利亚人。得悉此情，有些人便说起刻薄话来了，说什么囚犯的子孙这样说倒也不足为怪。这样，在五分钟内，大家便像到澳大利亚游览了一趟。在那样的社会里，“标准英语”自然是不受欢迎的。每当上流社会想给“规范英语”制订一些条条框框时，总会遭到下层人民的抵制。
看看撒克逊农民与征服他们的诺曼底统治者之间的语言隔阂吧。于是话题又从19世纪的澳大利亚囚犯转到12世纪的英国农民。谁对谁错，并没有关系。闲聊依旧热火朝天。
有人举出了一个人所共知，但仍值得提出来发人深思的例子。我们谈到饭桌上的肉食时用法语词，而谈到提供这些肉食的牲畜时则用盎格鲁一撒克逊词。猪圈里的活猪叫pig，饭桌上吃的猪肉便成了pork(来自法语pore)；地里放牧着的牛叫cattle，席上吃的牛肉则叫beef(来自法语boeuf)；Chicken用作肉食时变成poultry(来自法语poulet)；calf加工成肉则变成veal(来自法语vcau)。即便我们的菜单没有为了装洋耍派头而写成法语，我们所用的英语仍然是诺曼底式的英语。这一切向我们昭示了诺曼底人征服之后英国文化上所存在的深刻的阶级裂痕。
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高级英语（张汉熙）第二册 课文翻译与课后习题答案
撒克逊农民种地养畜，自己出产的肉自己却吃不起，全都送上了诺曼底人的餐桌。农民们只能吃到在地里乱窜的兔子。兔子肉因为便宜，诺曼底贵族自然不屑去吃它。因此，活兔子和吃的兔子肉共用rabbit这个词表示，而没有换成由法语lapin转化而来的某个词。
当我们今天听着有关双语教育问题的争论时，我们应该设身处地替当时的撒克逊农民想一想，新的统治阶级把法语用来对抗撒克逊农民自己的语言，从而在农民周围筑起一道文化障碍。当英国人在像觉醒者赫里沃德这样的撒克逊领袖领导下起来造反时，他们一定深深地感受到了文化上的屈辱。“标准英语”——如果那时候有这个名词的话——已经变成法语。而九百年后我们在美国这儿仍然继承了这种影响。
那晚闲聊过后，第二天一早便有人去查阅了资料。这个名词在16世纪已有人使用过。纳什作于1593年的《截获信函奇闻》中就有过“标准英语”(Queen’s English)的提法。1602年德克写到某人时有句话说：“你把‘标准英语’(King’s Engligh)简化了”。莎士比亚作品中是否也出现过这一提法呢?如出现过，那就证明这个词在当时即已通用。他用过一次，在《温莎的风流娘儿们》中，快嘴桂嫂在讲到她家老爷回来后将会有的盛怒情形时说，“??少不了一顿臭骂，骂得鬼哭神愁，伦敦的官话(即“标准英语”)不知要给他糟蹋成个什么样子啦。”(朱生豪译)后来的事实果然被她说中了。
我们有理由认为这个词语就是那个时期产生的。经过前后五百年的发展和与诺曼底人、安茹王朝及金雀花王朝的法语的竞争，英语最终同化了法语。被征服者变成了征服者，英语取得了国语的地位。
这样便有了一种值得引以自豪的“标准英语”。伊丽莎白时代的人没费吹灰之力，使其影响日盛，遍及全球。“标准英语”再也不带有今天所谓的种族歧视的性质了。
不过，那个澳大利亚人所作的解释也有一定的道理。下层阶级在用这一名词时总带着一点轻蔑或讥讽的味道。我们会发现，就连快嘴桂嫂这样一个婢女也会说她的主子凯厄斯大夫会管不住自己的舌头，而讲起平民百姓们所讲的那种粗话。如果说标准英语就是所谓“规范英语”，这种看法常常会受到下层人民的嘲笑讥讽，他们有时故意开玩笑地把它说成是“规反英语”。下层人民对文化上的专制仍是极为反感的。 正如卡莱尔所说，始终存在着的一种危险是，“对我们来说。词语会变成具体的事物”。词语本身并不是现实，它不过是用以表达现实的一种形式而已。标准英语就像诺曼底人的盎格鲁法语一样，也是一个阶级用来表达现实的一种形式。让人们学着去讲也许不错，但既不应当把它作为法令，也不应当使它完全不接受来自下层的改变。
我一向对词典有着始终不渝的酷爱一奥登说过，一个作家的全部所需就是一支笔、够用的纸张和“他所能弄得到的最好的词典”——但我更赞同另一种说法，即把词典看成是一种常识的工具。标准英语是一种典范——一种丰富而有指导作用的典范——但并不是一种最高的典范。
由此我们可以回到我先前的话题上了。即便是那些学问再高、文学修养再好的人，他们所讲的标准英语在交谈中也常常会离谱走调。要是有谁闲聊时也像做文章一样句逗分明，或者像写一篇要发表的散文一样咬文嚼字的话，那他讲起话来就一定会极为倒人胃口。看到E?M?福斯特笔下写出“当今这个时代的阴森可怖的长廊”时，其用语之生动及由其所产生的生动有力、甚至可怖的形象令我们拍案叫绝。但假若福斯特坐在我们的会客室里说“我们大家正一个接一个地步入这个时代的阴森可怖的长廊”时，那我们完全有理由请他走开。
常常有一些愚人要求大文豪们谈话时也像写文章一样字字珠玑。也有些人对18世纪巴黎的文艺沙龙里那些文人雅士的高谈阔论极表称羡。可是，说不定那些文人雅士们在那里也不过是闲聊，谈论酒食的好坏哩。当时的巴黎大法院第一厅厅长亨奥尔特在德苏侯爵夫人家的沙龙里作客时就曾大叫着说“调料糟透了”，接着还大发议论说侯爵夫人家的厨子和总厨师长布兰维利耶之间的唯一差别只不过用心不一而已。
会客室里和餐桌上是无需摆上词典的。闲聊过程中若遇上弄不明白需待查实的问题可留待第二天再说，不要话说到一半却去一边查起字典来。否则，谈话便会受到妨碍，不能如流水般无拘无束地进行。那天晚上，如果我们当场弄清了“标准英语”的意义，也就
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高级英语（张汉熙）第二册 课文翻译与课后习题答案
不可能再有那一场交谈论辩，我们也就不可能一会儿跳到澳大利亚去，一会儿扯回到诺曼底征服者时代了。
而且，我们也就没有什么可以留到第二天去思考了。尤为重要的是，如果那个问题当场得到解决的话，人们就不会对于那位引出话题的“火枪手”那样发生兴趣，想多了解她的情况了。教黑猩猩说话之所以很困难，其原因就在于它们往往可能尽想着要讲出些正经八百的话来，因而使得谈话失去意趣。
摘自1979年5月6日《华盛顿邮报》
习题全解
Ⅰ . 1. Carlyle : Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881), English essayist and historian born at Ecclefechan, a village of the Scotch lowlands. After graduating from the University of Edinburgh, he rejected the ministry, for which he had been intended, and determined to he a writer of hooks. In 1826 he married Jane Welsh, a well-informed and ambitious woman who did much to further his career. They moved to Jane' s farm at Craigenputtoeh where they lived for 6 years (1828-1834 ). During this time he produced Sartor Resartus (1833-1834), a book in which he first developed his char- acteristic style and thought. This book is a veiled sardonic attack upon the shams and pretences of society, upon hollow rank, hollow officialism, hollow custom, out of which life and usefulness have departed. In 1837 he published The French Revolution, a poetic rendering and not a factual account of the great event in history. Besides these two masterpieces, he wrote Chartism (1840), On Heroes, hero Worship, and the Heroic in History (I841), Past and Present (1843) and others. \a compound of biblical phrases, col loquialisms, Teutonic twists, and his own coinings, arranged in unexpected sequences. One of the most important social critics of his day, Carlyle influenced many men of the younger generation, among them were Mathew Arnold and Ruskin.
2. Lamb : Charles Lamb (1775-1834), English essayist, was born in London and brought up within the precincts of the ancient law courts, his father being a servant to an advocate of the inner Temple. He went to school at Christ's Hospital, where he had for a classmate Coleridge, his life-long friend. At seventeen, he became a clerk in the India House and here he worked for 33 years until he was re-tired on a pension. His devotion to his sister Mary, upon whom rested an hereditary taint of insanity, has done al-most as much as the sweetness and gentle humor of his writings to endear his name. They collaborated on several books for children, publishing in 1867 their famous Tales from Shakespeare. His dramatic essays, Specimens of English Dramatic Poets (1808), established his reputation as a critic and did much in reviving the popularity of Eliza-be then drama. The Essays of Ella, published at intervals in London Magazine, were gathered together and republished in two series, the first in 1823, the second ten years later. They established Lamb in the title which he still holds, that of the most delightful of English essayists.
Ⅱ.1.A good conversation does not really start from anywhere, and no one has any idea where it will go. A good conversation is not for making a point. Argument may often be a part of it, but the purpose of the argument is not to convince. When people become serious and talk as if they have something very important to say, when they argue to convince or to win their point, the conversation is spoilt.
2. The writer likes bar conversation very much because he has spent a lot of time in pubs and is used to this kind of conversation. Bar friends are companions, not intimates. They are friends but not intimate enough to be curious about each other's private life and thoughts. 3. No. Conversation does not need a focus. But when a focal subject appears in the natural flow of conversation, the conversation becomes vivid, lively and more interesting.
4. The people talked about Australia because the speaker who introduced the subject mentioned incidentally that it was an Australian who had given her such a definition of %upper class to lay down rules for \barrier existed between the Saxon peasants and the Norman conquerors.
5. The Saxon peasants and their Norman conquerors used different words for the same thing. For examples see paragraph 9.
6. The writer seems to be in favor of bilingual education. He is against any form of cultural barrier or the cultural humiliation of any section or group of people.
7. The term \\ a king. Those who are not very particular may use the term \monarch was still Queen Elizabeth.
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