高级英语（张汉熙）第二册 课文翻译与课后习题答案
8．“The King?s English” was regarded as a form 0f racial discrimination during the Norman rule in England about 1154—1399． 9．The writer thinks “the King?s English” is a class representation of reality．1t is worth trying to speak “the King?s English”，but it should not be 1aid down as an edict，and made immune to change from below．The King?s English is a model a rich and instructive one- but it ought not to be an ultimatum．
10．During the Norman period，the ruling class spoke Anglo— French while the peasants spoke their native Saxon language． Language bears the stamp of the class that uses it．The King?s English today refers to the language used by the upper，educated class in England．
Ⅲ．1．The title of this piece is not well chosen．It misleads the readers into thinking that the writer is going to demonstrate some intrinsic or linguistic relationship between pub talk and the King?s English．Whereas the writer．in reality，is just discoursing on what makes good conversation．The King?s English is connected with “pub talk” when the writer describes the charming conversation he had with some people one evening in a pub on the topic “the King?s English” to illustrate his point that bar conversation in a pub has a charm of its own．
2．1n this essay the writer alluded to many historical and literary event such as the Norman conquest，the saloons of 18th century Paris，and the words of many a man of letters． For a short expository essay like this，the allusions used are more than expected and desirable． 3． Paragraph 5 is a transition paragraph by means of which the writer passes from a general discourse on good conversation to a particular instance of it．But one feels the change from “pub talk” to “the King's English” a bit too abrupt．
4．The simple idiomatic expressions like \，out of bed on the wrong side，etc．”may be said to go well with the copious literary and historical allusions the writer used for an informal conversational style to Suit the theme of this essay in which the writer tries to defend informal uses of language．
5．The writer?s attitude towards “the King?s English” shows that he is a defender of democracy．
Ⅳ．1．And conversation is an activity which is found only among human beings．(Animals and birds are not capable of conversation．) 2．Conversation is not for persuading others to accept our idea or point of view．
． 3． In fact a person who really enjoys and is skilled at conversation will not argue to win or force others to accept his point of view． 4．People who meet each other for a drink in the bar of a pub are not intimate friends for they are not deeply absorbed or engrossed in each other?s lives．
5． The conversation could go on without anybody knowing who was right or wrong．
6． These animals are called cattle when they are alive and feeding in the fields；but when we sit down at the table to eat．we call their meat beef．
7． The new ruling class by using French instead of English made it difficult for the English to accept or absorb the culture of the、rulers． 8．The English language received proper recognition and was used by the King once more．
9． The phrase，the King?s English，has always been used disrespectfully and jokingly by the lower classes． The working people very often make fun of the proper and formal language of the educated people．
10． There still exists in the working people，as in the early Saxon peasants，a spirit of opposition to the cultural authority of the ruling class．
11． There is always a great danger that we might forget that words are only symbols and take them for things they are supposed to represent．For example，the word “dog” is a symbol representing a kind of animal．We mustn?t regard the word “dog” as being the animal itself． 12． Even the most educated and literate people do not use standard，formal English all the time in their conversation．
V． See the translation of the text．
Ⅵ· 1. on the rocks： metaphor，comparing a marriage to a ship wrecked on the rocks
2． get out of bed on the wrong side：be in a bad temper for the day (The meaning is perhaps derived from the expression “You got out of bed the wrong way”． It was an ancient superstition that it was unlucky to set the left foot on the ground first on getting out of bed．)
3．on wings：metaphor，comparing conversation to a bird flying and soaring． It means the conversation soon became spirited and exciting． 4． turn up one?s nose at：scorn；show scorn for
5． into the shoes： metaphor(or more appropriately an idiomatic expression)， think as if one were wearing the shoes of the Saxon
- 16 -
高级英语（张汉熙）第二册 课文翻译与课后习题答案
peasant，i． e． as if one were a Saxon peasant
6 come into one?s own： receive what properly belongs to one，especially acclaim or recognition65 7．sit up at：(colloquial)become suddenly alert and take notice of
Ⅶ．1．ignorant指缺乏知识，可以是就整体而言(如 an ignorant man)，也可以是就某一具体方面或问题而言(如 ignorant of the reason of their quarrel对他们争吵的起因毫无所知)；illiterate意为缺乏文化修养，尤指读写能力的缺乏； uneducated指没有受到正规的、系统的学校教育；unlearned意为学问不富(未必无知)，既可指一无所长，又可指某一方面所知有限，如unlearned in science，意为对科学懂得有限，但对其他学科，如文学、哲学等，倒可能是很精通的。
2．scoff指对某事疑惑不信或缺乏尊敬而用无礼、轻蔑的言词或加以嘲笑；sneer侧重于面部表情或语气中所含的轻蔑嘲笑之意：jeer侧重指用粗俗的、侮辱性的言词或粗鲁的嘲 笑来表示轻侮；gibe通常指不带恶意的取笑或作弄人的笑骂；flout主要指以不理不睬或视而不见的态度表示出的轻侮蔑视。
Ⅷ．conversation(communication)，intercourse，com，commerce．intercommunication，dealings，traffic，exchange，interchange，correspondence，truck，etc
Ⅸ．uncomplicated，uninvolved，simple，plain，unmixed，unmingled．uncombined，unsophisticated，straight，elementary etc．
Ⅹ．The following words are all borrowed from French：
1．冷餐2．烹调 3．柠檬汁4．烈性甜酒 5．早餐／午餐 6．菜谱 7．沙龙／客厅 8．晚会 9．景泰蓝 10煎鸡蛋 11．餐馆老板 12．保留节目，全部节目全部技能 13政变 14．芭蕾舞团 15．随员 16．连音／连络 17记忆错觉／回忆 幻想 18．再来一次 19．放流行歌曲唱片的夜总会 20枝 形吊灯
Ⅺ．1．No one knows how the conversation will go as it moves aimlessly and desultorily or as it becomes spirited and exciting. 2. It is not a matter of interest if they are cross or in a bad temper.
3. Bar friends, although they met each other frequently, did not delve into each other's lives or the recesses of their thoughts and feelings. 4. Suddenly a miraculous change in the conversation took place. 5. The conversation suddenly became spirited and exciting. 6. We ought to think as the Saxon peasants did at that time. 7. The Elizabethan writers spread the English language far and wide. 8. I have always had an eager interest in dictionaries.
9. Otherwise one will tie up the conversation and will not let it go on freely.
10. We would never have talked about Australia, or the language barrier in the time of the Norman Conquest. Ⅻ.
Coherence and unity can be enhanced by continuity in the paragraph. Continuity gives writing a sense of smoothness. Good organization is essential for continuity, because the clear, logical arrangement makes the order of thought easy to follow. But good transitions also help to make the writing smooth. The three common transitional devices are: pronoun reference, repetition of important words, and transitional expression. The two paragraphs in the exercises employ these three methods to establish continuity and so improve coherence and unity of the paragraphs. Paragraph 1
1) Transitional words and expressions: for instance, on the other hand
2) Pronoun reference. we (referring back to teen-agers), us, our, us, us, our, us, our, us, us 3) Repetition of important words: teen-agers, teen-years, teen-agers, teens Paragraph 2
1) Transitional words and expressions: As of today, After that, Then, for instance, even that 2) Pronoun reference :I, my, I, myself, I, I, me, my, I, I
3) Repetition of important words. food (and names of different kinds of food)
- 17 -
高级英语（张汉熙）第二册 课文翻译与课后习题答案
ⅩⅢ. Omitted.
ⅩⅣ. Peculiarities of Spoken English
The peculiarities of spoken English, in my opinion, become apparent in contrast with those of written English. First, in spoken English, people tend to use small and simple words, and since they have little time to think about the use of proper or exact words, they may fail to convey their feelings or thoughts effectively. And when they cannot think of anything to say, they may use mouth-fillings such as \think\successfully. Secondly, when spoken English used, people may use many broken sentences or other ungrammatical ones due to the limit of time. While writing, however, people seldom make similar mistakes unless they are not well-educated enough. Finally, when speaking, people may move from one idea to another casually and the speech can not be well organized. When it comes to the use of pen, people usually pay much attention to the structure or the whole passage.
第四课 就职演说(1961年1月20日)
约翰?F?肯尼迪
我们今天举行的不是一个政党的祝捷大会，而是一次自由的庆典。这是一个承先启后、继往开来的大事件。因为刚才我已依照我们的先辈在将近一又四分之三个世纪以前拟好的誓言在诸位和全能的上帝面前庄严宣誓。
当今的世界已与往昔大不相同了。人类手中已掌握的力量，既足以消除一切形式的人类贫困，也足以结束一切形式的人类生活。然而，我们的先辈曾为之奋斗的革命信念至今仍未能为举世所公认。这信念就是认定人权出自上帝所赐而非得自政府的恩典。
我们今天仍未敢忘记我们是第一次革命战争的接班人。此时此地我谨向我们的朋友，同时也向我们的敌人宣告：火炬已传到我们新一代美国人手中。这一代人在本世纪成长起来，经受过战火的锻炼，经历过冷峻的和平的考验，以珍视古老的传统而自豪，又决不愿坐视或容许人权逐渐遭到践踏。美国对这些人权一向负有责任，今天我们也正在本国及全世界范围内为之奋斗。
必须让每一个友邦和敌国都知道：为维护自由，使其长存不灭，我们将会不惜付出任何代价，肩负任何重担，迎战一切困难，援助一切朋友，反击一切敌人。
以上这些是我们保证要做到的——但我们保证要做到的还不止这些。
对于那些与我们有着共同的文化和精神渊源的传统盟邦，我们保证将报之以真诚不渝的友谊。只要我们团结起来，我们在许多合作性事业中就会无往而不胜；而一旦彼此分裂，我们就会无所作为。因为我们之间若起争端，彼此离异，便难以与我们面临的强大对手抗衡。
- 18 -
高级英语（张汉熙）第二册 课文翻译与课后习题答案
对于那些我们欢迎其加入自由国家行列的各新兴国家，浅们发誓，一种形式的殖民统治的结束绝不应仅是为了被另一种远为残酷的暴政所取代。我们并不期望这些国家总是支持我们的观点，但我们希望他们始终能够坚决地卫护自己的自由，并时刻牢记，过去那些企图骑上虎背为自己壮声势的愚人结果都没能逃脱葬身虎腹的命运。
对于那些居住在遍布半个地球的茅舍荒村中，正奋力冲破集体贫困的桎梏的各民族，我们保证将尽最大努力帮助他们脱贫自救，不管这样做需要多长时间。这样做并不是因为怕共产党会抢先这样做，也不是因为我们想获得那些国家的赞成票，而是因为这样做是正确的。一个自由社会如若不能帮助众多的穷人，也就无法保全少数的富人。
对于我国边界以南的各姊妹国家，我们要作一项特别的保证：把我们美妙的言辞付诸行动，为谋求进步而进行新的合作。帮助自由的人民和自由的国家政府挣脱贫困的锁链。但我们绝不能让这个充满希望的和平革命成为敌对国家的牺牲品。要让所有的邻邦都知道，我们将和他们一起反对外国在美洲任何地区进行的侵略或颠覆。也要让所有别的国家知道，我们这个半球仍得由自己当家做主。
在一个战争因素远远超过和平因素的时代，对于我们唯一的最好的希望赖以寄托的世界主权国家的联盟组织一一联合国，我们重申对它给予支持的保证：阻止其成为一个仅供谩骂的讲坛，加强其对新兴国家及弱小国家的保护作用，并扩大其职能范围。
最后，对于那些不惜与我们为敌的国家，我们要提出的不是保证而是呼吁：希望双方重新开始努力寻求和平，不要等到科学所释放出来的可怕的破坏力将整个人类推向有计划的或偶然发生的自我毁灭之时。
我们不敢以示弱去诱惑他们。因为只有当我们有了无可置疑的足够的武力时，我们才能有无可置疑的把握避免使用武力。
然而，目前的局势使两大国家集团都感到不安——双方都因现代军备的庞大开支而感到不堪重负，双方都为极端危险的原子武器的不断扩散而理所当然地感到惊慌不安，但双方又都在竞相谋求改变那种使双方都不敢轻易发动导致全人类毁灭的最后决战的小稳定的恐怖均势。
因此，让我们重新开始，双方都记住：礼让并不表示软弱，而诚意则永远需要验证。我们决不能因为惧怕而谈判，但我们也决不要惧怕谈判。
让双方寻求彼此的共同利益所在，而不要在引起分歧的问题上徒费精力。
让双方进行首次谈判，对监督和控制军备制订出严格可行的计划?并且把足以毁灭其他国家的绝对力量置于世界各国的绝对管制之下。
让双方致力于揭开科学的奥秘，而不是科学的恐怖。让我们共同努力去探测星空，征服沙漠，消除疾病，开发洋底，并促进艺术和贸易的发展。
让双方一起在世界各个角落听取以赛亚的指示，去“卸下沉重的负担??(并)让被压迫者获得自由”。
如果初次的合作能够减少彼此之间的疑虑的话，那就让我们双方进而开始新的合作吧，不是寻求新的力量均衡，而是建立一个有法制的新世界，使强者公正，弱者安全，和平得以维持。
所有这一切不会在第一个一百天内完成，也不会在第一个一千天内完成，不会在本届政府任期内完成，甚至也许不会在我们这一辈子完成。但我们要让它从我们手上开始。
同胞们，我们事业的成败关键不仅仅是握在我的手中，更大一部分是握在你们手中。自从我国建立以来，每一代美国人都曾应召验证自己对祖国的忠诚。应召服役的美国青年的坟墓已遍布全球。
- 19 -
高级英语（张汉熙）第二册 课文翻译与课后习题答案
如今那号角又在召唤我们了。它不是在号召我们扛起武器一一尽管我们也需要武器，不是在号召我们去参战——尽管我们也准备应战，而是在号召我们肩负起一场长期的艰苦斗争的重任，年复一年，“忍受困苦，向往未来”，为反对人类共同的敌人——暴政、贫困、疾病以及战争本身——而斗争。
我们能否建立一个把东西南北联在一起的伟大的全球联盟来对付这些敌人，以确保人类享有更为富有成效的生活呢?你是否愿意参加这一具有历史意义的行动呢?
在世界漫长的历史上，只有少数几代人能在自由面临极大危险的时刻被赋予保卫自由的任务。在这一重任面前，我不退缩，我欢迎这一重任。我认为我们中间不会有人愿意与别人或另一代人调换位置。我们从事这一事业的那种精力、信念和献身精神将照耀我们的国家和一切为此出力的人们。这一火焰所发出的光芒将真正照亮这个世界。
因此，美国同胞们，你们应该问的不是你们的国家能为你们做些什么，而是你们自己能为你们的国家做些什么。
和我处在同样地位的世界各国的公民们，你们应该问的不是美国会为你们做些什么，而是我们一起能为人类自由做些什么。
最后，无论你们是美国公民还是世界各国的公民，请以我们在此要求于你们的那种力量和牺牲的高标准反过来要求我们。良心是我们唯一可靠的报酬，历史是我们所作所为的最后裁判。让我们迈步向前，去领导我们所热爱的国家吧，我们祈求上帝的保佑和帮助，但我们知道，上帝在人间的工作就是我们自己的工作。
(摘自《世界著名演说集锦》，1965)
习题全解
Ⅰ.John F. Kennedy(1917--1963),35th President of the United States A. His family background
John Kennedy, whose ancestors came from Ireland, was the first Roman Catholic to become president of the United States. At 43 he was also the youngest man ever elected to the highest office of his country, although he was not the youngest to serve in it. Theodore Roosevelt was not quite 43 when the assasination of President McKinley elevated him to the Presidency. John Fitzgerald Francis Kennedy was born on May 29,1917, in Brookline, Massachusetts. Brookline was the suburb of Boston where his grandfather had been elected to many public offices. Joseph P. Kennedy, father of the future presi- dent, was at 25 the youngest bank president in the country. He was to build one of the great private fortunes of his time. He and Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy raised a family of nine children. John was the second born.
When the first Kennedy child, Joseph, Jr. , was born, father Joe was reported to have said, \of the United States. \Ⅱ , and the leadership of the rising Kennedy generation passed to John.
Thus young John Kennedy, often called Jack, inherited a background of polities, wealth and determination. The family circle was close and warm. The boys learned competition first in sports. They played hard to win, a family trait in sports and politics all their lives. Young Kennedy attended private schools in Brookline and New York City; and then, in 1931, he entered Choate School, in Wallingford, Connecticut to prepare for college. Young Kennedy, after a short spell at the London School of Economics and Princeton, entered Harvard. In 1940 he graduated from Harvard cure laude.
B. His political career and election as president
In 1945 the Hearst newspapers hired Kennedy to cover the United Nations preliminary conference in San Francisco. He covered the British elections that year, then decided he had had enough of journalism. He did not know whether he would like politics, but decided to try it. In 1946 he ran for Congress as a Democrat, in a Boston district. Though he did not live there, Kennedy, by hard compaigning, defeated a large field of rivals. He was re-elected twice. Then he tried for election to the United States Senate against Republican Henry Cabot Lodge, who was supposed to be unbeatable in Massachusetts. It was a big Republican year in 1952, in Massachusetts and elsewhere, but Jack Kennedy beat Lodge by 70,000 votes.
- 20 -