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methods of translation 1.Ö±Òë

literal translation 2.ÒâÒë

free translation 3.Ò컯 alienation 4.¹é»¯ domestication

1. Ö±Ò루literal translation£©

Ö¸ÔÚ·­Òë¹ý³ÌÖа´Ô­ÎÄÖð×ÖÖð¾äÒ»¶ÔÒ»µÄ·­Òë¡£ÈËÃǹØÐĵÄÊÇÓïÑÔ²ãÃæµÄ¼¼Êõ´¦ÀíÎÊÌ⣬¼´ÈçºÎÔÚ±£³ÖÔ­ÓïÐÎʽµÄͬʱ£¬²»ÈÃÆäÒâÒåʧÕæ¡£ e.g.

one country, two systems Ò»¹úÁ½ÖÆ The three religions and the nine schools of thought Èý½Ì¾ÅÁ÷

2. ÒâÒ루free translation£»paraphrase£©

ÊÇÖ¸¸ù¾ÝÔ­ÎĵĴóÒâÀ´·­Òë,²»×÷Öð×ÖÖð¾äµÄ·­Òë(Çø±ðÓÚ¡°Ö±Ò롱)¡£Í¨³£ÔÚ·­Òë¾ä×Ó»ò´Ê×é(»ò¸ü´óµÄÒâȺ)ʱʹÓý϶à,ÒâÒëÖ÷ÒªÔÚÔ­ÓïÓëÒëÓïÌåÏÖ¾Þ´óÎÄ»¯²îÒìµÄÇé¿öϵÃÒÔÓ¦ÓÃ.´Ó¿çÎÄ»¯ÓïÑÔ½»¼ÊºÍÎÄ»¯½»Á÷µÄ½Ç¶ÈÀ´¿´,ÒâÒëÇ¿µ÷µÄÊÇÒëÓïÎÄ»¯ÌåϵºÍÔ­ÓïÎÄ»¯ÌåϵµÄÏà¶Ô¶ÀÁ¢ÐÔ¡£ e.g.

Don¡¯t cross the bridge till you get to it. ²»±Ø¹ýÔçµØµ£ÐÄ¡£(²»±Ø×ÔÑ°·³ÄÕ) Do you see any green in my eye? ÄãÒÔΪÎÒÊǺÃÆÛÆ­µÄÂð£¿

Don¡¯t lock the stable door after the horse has been stolen. Ö±Ò룺²»ÒªµÈÂí±»µÁºó£¬²ÅÈ¥ËøÂí¾ÇÃÅ¡£

ÒâÒ룺ÍöÑò²¹ÀΡ£

Ö±ÒëºÍÒâÒëµÄÇø±ð 1. It¡¯ s a Smoke Free Area. Ö±Òë:ËüÊǸö×ÔÓÉÎüÑÌÇø¡£ ÒâÒë:ËüÊǸöÎÞÑÌÇø¡£

2. Shakespeare put his hometown on the map. Ö±Òë:ɯʿ±ÈÑÇ°ÑËûµÄ¼ÒÏç·ÅÔÚÁ˵ØͼÉÏ¡£ ÒâÒë:ɯÍÁ±ÈÑÇʹËûµÄ¼ÒÏçÉùÃûÔ¶Ñï¡£

3. John would not come out of his shell and talk to others at theparty. Ö±Òë:Íí»áÉÏ£¬Ô¼º²²»Ô¸´Ó¿ÇÀï×ê³öÀ´ÓëÆäËûÈË˵»°¡£ ÒâÒë:Íí»áÉÏ£¬Ô¼º²²»Ô¸¶ªµôñæ³ÖÓë±ðÈ˽»Ì¸¡£ 4. He is a rough-and-ready character. Ö±Òë:ËûÊǸö´ÖÊÞ²¢ÓÐ×¼±¸µÄÈË¡£ ÒâÒë:ËûÊǸö´Ö³µ«ÉÐÄܶ¥ÓõÄÈË¡£

5. He got into trouble when he paid his bills with rubber checks. Ö±Òë:ËûÓÃÏðƤ֧Ʊ¸¶ÕË£¬²¢¸ø×Ô¼º´øÀ´ÁËÂé·³¡£ ÒâÒë:ËûÓÿÕͷ֧Ʊ½áÕË£¬²¢¸ø×Ô¼º´øÀ´ÁËÂé·³¡£

·­ÒëÔ­Ôò Ö±ÒëÊÇ»ù´¡£¬ÒâÒëÊDz¹³ä Ö±Òë²»µÈÓÚËÀÒë(dead translation):

1.Àý£º½ÖµÀ¸¾Å®Ó¦¶¯Ô±ÆðÀ´´òɨÎÀÉú¡£

Women in the street should be called on to do some cleaning. ¡°In the street¡± should be replaced by ¡°in the community¡±. 2.Àý£ºËýÒ»´óÔçÆð´²£¬½ø³Ç£¬¼ûµ½ÁËËýµÄ¹«µù¡£

She got up early, went to the town and saw her public father. ¡°Public father¡± should be ¡°father in law¡±. ÒâÒëµÄÀý×Ó£ºIt rains cats and dogs. 3..Àý£º Little fish does not eat big fish.

Ö±Ò룺СÓã²»³Ô´óÓ㣻ÒâÒ룺¸ì²²Å¡²»¹ý´óÍÈ Àý£ºÌìÓв»²â·çÔÆ£¬ÈËÓе©Ï¦»ö¸£¡£

Ö±Ò룺Storms gather without warning in nature and bad luck befalls men overnight. ÒâÒ룺The weather and human life are both unpredictable.

ÓÐÈË˵£¬·­ÒëÊÇ´ø×ÅÁÍîíÌøÎ裨translation is like dancing in fetters£©£»»¹ÓÐÈË˵£¬·­ÒëÏñÅ®ÈË£¬ÖÒʵµÄ²»Æ¯ÁÁ£¬Æ¯ÁÁµÄ²»ÖÒʵ¡£Êµ¼ÊÉÏ£¬ÖÒʵÓëͨ˳µÄ¹ØϵÊDZçÖ¤¹Øϵ¡£

3. Ò컯£¨alienation £©

Ò컯·¨ÒªÇóÒëÕßÏò×÷Õß¿¿Â££¬²ÉÈ¡ÏàÓ¦ÓÚ×÷ÕßʹÓõÄÔ­Óï±í´ï·½Ê½£¬À´´«´ïÔ­ÎĵÄÄÚÈÝ¡£±£ÁôµÄÔ­ÎĵÄÎÄ»¯ÒâÏó£¬Ä¿µÄÊÇʹÒëÎı£³ÖÔ­ÎĵÄÓïÑÔ·ç¸ñ£¬ÏòÒëÎĶÁÕß½éÉÜÔ´ÓïÎÄ»¯£¬²¢·á¸»ÒëÈëÓï¼°ÎÄ»¯¡£

Ò컯ÊÇÒÔÔ´ÓïÎÄ»¯(source language culture oriented )Ϊ¹éËÞ£¬ÌᳫÒëÎÄÓ¦¾¡Á¿È¥ÊÊÓ¦¡¢×ñ´ÓÔ´ÓïÎÄ»¯¼°Ô­×÷ÕßµÄDz´ÊÓþäÏ°¹ß£¬±£ÁôÔ´ÓïµÄÒì¹úÇéµ÷¡£ e.g.

All roads lead to Rome. ÌõÌõ´óµÀͨÂÞÂí¡£

¹é»¯·­Òë(domesticating translation)ÓëÒ컯·­Òë(foreignizing translation)ÊÇÃÀ¹úѧÕßÀÍÂ×˹¡¤Î¤Å¬µÙÔÚ1995ÄêËùÖøµÄ¡¶ÒëÕßµÄÒþÉí¡·(Translator¡¯s Invisibility)Ò»ÊéÖÐÊ×´ÎÌá³öµÄ¡£

1£®Ò컯¿ÉÒÔÔÚÓïÒô²ãÉϳöÏÖ¡£ÀýÈ磺 balletÒë×÷¡°°ÅÀÙÎ衱 cigarÒë×÷¡°Ñ©ÇÑ¡±

laser¹ýÈ¥Òë³É¡°À³Èû¡±£¬ÏÖÒë×÷¡°ÀØÉ䡱¡¢¡°¼¤¹â¡± 2£®Ò컯¿ÉÒÔÔÚ´ÊÓï²ã³öÏÖ¡£ÀýÈ磺 ¡°crocodile tears¡±Òë×÷¡°öùÓãµÄÑÛÀᡱ ¡°an olive branch¡±Òë×÷¡°éÏé­Ö¦¡± ¡°sour grapes¡±Òë×÷¡°ËáÆÏÌÑ¡± ¡°the cold war¡±Òë×÷¡°ÀäÕ½¡±µÈµÈ¡£ 3£®Ò컯¿ÉÒÔÔÚ¾ä×ӽṹ²ã´Î³öÏÖ¡£

4. ¹é»¯ £¨domestication£©

¹é»¯£¬¾ÍÊDz»¿¼ÂÇÔ­ÎĵÄÄÚÈݺÍÐÎʽ£¬¶øÓöÁÕßÊìϤµÄÓïÑÔºÍÐÎʽÀ´·­Ò룬¾¡¿ÉÄܵشﵽԭÎĵÄÒâÒåºÍ¹¦ÄÜ¡£Àý£º

Love me, love my dog. °®Îݼ°ÎÚ¡£ a lion in the way À¹Â·»¢ as timid as a hare µ¨Ð¡ÈçÊó seek a hare in a hen¡¯s nest ԵľÇóÓã as stupid as a goose ´ÀµÃÏñÖí

cry up wine and sell vinegar ¹ÒÑòÍ·¡¢Âô¹·Èâ to grow like mushrooms Óêºó´ºËñ talk horse ´µÅ£ drink like a fish Å£Òû

One boy is a boy£¬two boys half a boy£¬three boys noboy£® Ò»¸öºÍÉÐÌôË®³Ô£¬Á½¸öºÍÉÐ̧ˮ³Ô£¬Èý¸öºÍÉÐûˮ³Ô¡£

4. ¹é»¯ £¨domestication£©

¹é»¯ÒÔÄ¿µÄÓïÎÄ»¯Îª¹éËÞ(target language culture oriented)¡£Ö÷ÕÅã¡ÊØÄ¿µÄÓïÎÄ»¯µÄÓïÑÔ´«Í³£¬Ê¹ÓõصÀµÄÄ¿µÄÓï±í´ï£¬×ñ´ÓÄ¿µÄÓïµÄÎÄ»¯Ï°¹ß¡£¹é»¯·­ÒëÓÐ×Å»ý¼«µÄÒâÒ壬ËüʹµÃÒëÎĶÁÆðÀ´Í¨Ë×Ò׶®£¬²»´æÔÚ¼èɬÞÖ¿ÚµÄÏÖÏó¡£ÔÚÕâÒ»Ô­ÔòµÄÖ¸µ¼Ï£¬ÒëÕß»á×î´óÏ޶ȵØÁ¦Çó¹¦ÄܶԵȣ¨equivalence£©£¬ÔÚÄ¿µÄÓïÖÐÕÒ³öÔ´ÓïµÄ¶ÔµÈÓï(equivalent)¡£ Èç¹ûÔÚÄ¿µÄÓïÖÐÕÒ²»µ½¶ÔµÈÓ¾Í¡°ÓÃÄ¿µÄÓïÎÄ»¯Ìæ´úÔ´ÓïÎÄ»¯¡±£¬¼´°ÑÔÚÄ¿µÄÓïÖÐÕÒ²»µ½¶ÔµÈÓïµÄÍâÓï´Ê»ã¸ÄÍ·»»Ã棬»òÌ×ÓÃÄ¿µÄÓïÖÐÓëÖ®ÏàËƵÄÏֳɵıí´ï·¨£¬°ÑËüÃDZä³É¶ÁÕßÊìϤµÄÄ¿µÄÓïÎÄ»¯ÐÎÏó¡£

1. In the kingdom of blind men the one-eyed man is king.

ÒëΪ¡°É½ÖÐÎÞÀÏ»¢£¬ºï×ӳƴóÍõ¡±£¬»òÕß¡°ÊñÖÐÎ޴󽫣¬Áλ¯×÷Ïȷ桱£¬¶¼ÊÇ¡°¹é»¯¡±£» ÒëΪ¡°ÔÚäÈ˵ÄÍõ¹úÀ¶ÀÑÛÈ˾ÍÊÇÍõ¡£¡±¾ÍÊÇ¡°Ò컯¡±¡£ 2. behind the mountain, the sun set.

ÒëΪ¡°ÈÕÂäɽÒõ¡£¡±¾ÍÊǾäʽÉϵġ°¹é»¯¡±£»

Ä£·ÂÔ­ÎĵľäʽÈçËùνµÄ¡°Å·»¯¾äʽ¡±£¬ÒëΪ¡°É½±³ºó£¬Ì«ÑôÂäÏÂÈ¥ÁË¡£¡±¾ÍÊǾäʽÉϵġ°Ò컯¡±¡£

ÔÚÖйú·­ÒëÊ·ÉÏ£¬¡°¹é»¯¡±Ôø¾­ÊÇÖ÷Á÷µÄ·­Òë²ßÂÔ¡£Ëæ×Åʱ´úµÄ½ø²½£¬ÎÄ»¯¹ÛÄîºÍ·­Òë¹ÛÄî·¢ÉúÁ˱仯¡£ÔÚÎÄ»¯½»Á÷Öб£³ÖƽµÈµÄ¶Ô»°ÊÇ´óÊÆËùÇ÷£»ÔÚ·­ÒëÉÏ£¬¾ÍÓ¦¸ÃÏû³ýÃñ×åÎÄ»¯ÓÅÊƸкÍÃñ×åÓïÑÔÓÅÔ½¸Ð£¬×ðÖØËûÕßÎÄ»¯£¬×ðÖØÔ­ÎĵÄÒìÖʳɷ֡£½üÄêÀ´£¬Ô½À´Ô½¶à

µÄѧÕßÌᳫÒÔ¡°Ò컯¡±ÎªÖ÷µ¼·­Òë²ßÂÔ£¬Ï²»¶¡°Ò컯¡±ÒëÎĵĶÁÕßÒ²ÔÚÔö¶à¡£

·­Òë¼¼ÇÉ:skills of translation 1. Öظ´·¨ (repetition) 2. ÔöÒë·¨ (amplification) 3. Ê¡ÂÔ·¨ (omission) 4. ´ÊÀàת»»·¨ (conversion) 5. ÓïÐòת»»·¨ (inversion)

6. Õý·´, ·´Õý±í´ï·¨ (affirmative and negative expression) 7. ·ÖÒë·¨ (division)

8. Óï̬ת»»·¨ (the change of the voices) 9. ºÏÒë·¨(combination)

10. Ðéʵת»»·¨£¨³éÏóÓë¾ßÌå·­Òë·¨£©(abstract and concrete) 11. ³É·Ýת»»·¨£¨conversion of ingredients£©

12. ˳Òë·¨(linear translation ) 13. ÄæÐò·¨(hysteron-proteron ) 14. ×ۺϷ¨(synthesis ) 15. ¼Ó×¢Òë·¨(explanation) 16. ÒôÒë·¨(transliteration )

1. Öظ´·¨ (repetition)

ººÓïÖظ´,Ó¢ÒëʱҲÖظ´£»¸ù¾ÝÁ½ÖÖÓïÑÔ¸÷×ÔµÄÏ°¹ßÓ÷¨,ÒÔ²»Í¬µÄ±í´ï·½Ê½½øÐÐÖظ´,ÕâÖÖÖظ´Í¨³£ÊÇΪÁË´«´ïÔ­ÎĵÄÉú¶¯ÐÔ¡£

Ó¢Ò뺺ʱ£¬ÓÐʱ°Ñ¾äÖеÄÖØÒª´Ê»ò¹Ø¼ü´ÊÖظ´Ò»Ï£¬³ÆΪÖظ´·¨»òÖظ´´ÊÒâ·¨¡£Öظ´·¨µÄʹÓÃÊÇÓÉÓÚººÓïµÄ±í´ïÏ°¹ßÒýÆðµÄ¡£ººÒëӢʱ£¬Ã»ÓÐÕâÖÖ·½·¨¡£Öظ´·¨Óõú㬿ÉÒԴﵽʹÒëÎĸüÃ÷È·¡¢Éú¶¯»òÇ¿µ÷µÄÄ¿µÄ¡£Öظ´·¨Ò²ÊÇÔö¼ÓÁË´Ê£¬µ«Ëü²»ÊÇÔö¼Óдʣ¬¶øÊÇÖظ´Ô­ÓеĴʣ¬ÊÇÔö´Ê·¨ÖеÄÌØÀý¡£³£¼ûµÄÖظ´ÓУº¶¯´ÊµÄÖظ´¡¢Ãû´ÊµÄÖظ´ºÍ´ú´ÊµÄÖظ´¡£

¢Å¶¯´ÊµÄÖظ´

Àý£ºWe shall overcome all the difficulties so long as we study hard and in a good way. Ö»ÒªÎÒÃÇѧϰŬÁ¦£¬¶øÇÒѧϰµÃ·¨£¬ÎÒÃǾÍÄÜ¿Ë·þѧϰÖеÄÀ§ÄÑ¡£