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methods of translation 1.Ö±Òë
literal translation 2.ÒâÒë
free translation 3.Ò컯 alienation 4.¹é»¯ domestication
1. Ö±Ò루literal translation£©
Ö¸ÔÚ·Òë¹ý³ÌÖа´ÔÎÄÖð×ÖÖð¾äÒ»¶ÔÒ»µÄ·Òë¡£ÈËÃǹØÐĵÄÊÇÓïÑÔ²ãÃæµÄ¼¼Êõ´¦ÀíÎÊÌ⣬¼´ÈçºÎÔÚ±£³ÖÔÓïÐÎʽµÄͬʱ£¬²»ÈÃÆäÒâÒåʧÕæ¡£ e.g.
one country, two systems Ò»¹úÁ½ÖÆ The three religions and the nine schools of thought Èý½Ì¾ÅÁ÷
2. ÒâÒ루free translation£»paraphrase£©
ÊÇÖ¸¸ù¾ÝÔÎĵĴóÒâÀ´·Òë,²»×÷Öð×ÖÖð¾äµÄ·Òë(Çø±ðÓÚ¡°Ö±Ò롱)¡£Í¨³£ÔÚ·Òë¾ä×Ó»ò´Ê×é(»ò¸ü´óµÄÒâȺ)ʱʹÓý϶à,ÒâÒëÖ÷ÒªÔÚÔÓïÓëÒëÓïÌåÏÖ¾Þ´óÎÄ»¯²îÒìµÄÇé¿öϵÃÒÔÓ¦ÓÃ.´Ó¿çÎÄ»¯ÓïÑÔ½»¼ÊºÍÎÄ»¯½»Á÷µÄ½Ç¶ÈÀ´¿´,ÒâÒëÇ¿µ÷µÄÊÇÒëÓïÎÄ»¯ÌåϵºÍÔÓïÎÄ»¯ÌåϵµÄÏà¶Ô¶ÀÁ¢ÐÔ¡£ e.g.
Don¡¯t cross the bridge till you get to it. ²»±Ø¹ýÔçµØµ£ÐÄ¡£(²»±Ø×ÔÑ°·³ÄÕ) Do you see any green in my eye? ÄãÒÔΪÎÒÊǺÃÆÛƵÄÂð£¿
Don¡¯t lock the stable door after the horse has been stolen. Ö±Ò룺²»ÒªµÈÂí±»µÁºó£¬²ÅÈ¥ËøÂí¾ÇÃÅ¡£
ÒâÒ룺ÍöÑò²¹ÀΡ£
Ö±ÒëºÍÒâÒëµÄÇø±ð 1. It¡¯ s a Smoke Free Area. Ö±Òë:ËüÊǸö×ÔÓÉÎüÑÌÇø¡£ ÒâÒë:ËüÊǸöÎÞÑÌÇø¡£
2. Shakespeare put his hometown on the map. Ö±Òë:ɯʿ±ÈÑÇ°ÑËûµÄ¼ÒÏç·ÅÔÚÁ˵ØͼÉÏ¡£ ÒâÒë:ɯÍÁ±ÈÑÇʹËûµÄ¼ÒÏçÉùÃûÔ¶Ñï¡£
3. John would not come out of his shell and talk to others at theparty. Ö±Òë:Íí»áÉÏ£¬Ô¼º²²»Ô¸´Ó¿ÇÀï×ê³öÀ´ÓëÆäËûÈË˵»°¡£ ÒâÒë:Íí»áÉÏ£¬Ô¼º²²»Ô¸¶ªµôñæ³ÖÓë±ðÈ˽»Ì¸¡£ 4. He is a rough-and-ready character. Ö±Òë:ËûÊǸö´ÖÊÞ²¢ÓÐ×¼±¸µÄÈË¡£ ÒâÒë:ËûÊǸö´Ö³µ«ÉÐÄܶ¥ÓõÄÈË¡£
5. He got into trouble when he paid his bills with rubber checks. Ö±Òë:ËûÓÃÏðƤ֧Ʊ¸¶ÕË£¬²¢¸ø×Ô¼º´øÀ´ÁËÂé·³¡£ ÒâÒë:ËûÓÿÕͷ֧Ʊ½áÕË£¬²¢¸ø×Ô¼º´øÀ´ÁËÂé·³¡£
·ÒëÔÔò Ö±ÒëÊÇ»ù´¡£¬ÒâÒëÊDz¹³ä Ö±Òë²»µÈÓÚËÀÒë(dead translation):
1.Àý£º½ÖµÀ¸¾Å®Ó¦¶¯Ô±ÆðÀ´´òɨÎÀÉú¡£
Women in the street should be called on to do some cleaning. ¡°In the street¡± should be replaced by ¡°in the community¡±. 2.Àý£ºËýÒ»´óÔçÆð´²£¬½ø³Ç£¬¼ûµ½ÁËËýµÄ¹«µù¡£
She got up early, went to the town and saw her public father. ¡°Public father¡± should be ¡°father in law¡±. ÒâÒëµÄÀý×Ó£ºIt rains cats and dogs. 3..Àý£º Little fish does not eat big fish.
Ö±Ò룺СÓã²»³Ô´óÓ㣻ÒâÒ룺¸ì²²Å¡²»¹ý´óÍÈ Àý£ºÌìÓв»²â·çÔÆ£¬ÈËÓе©Ï¦»ö¸£¡£
Ö±Ò룺Storms gather without warning in nature and bad luck befalls men overnight. ÒâÒ룺The weather and human life are both unpredictable.
ÓÐÈË˵£¬·ÒëÊÇ´ø×ÅÁÍîíÌøÎ裨translation is like dancing in fetters£©£»»¹ÓÐÈË˵£¬·ÒëÏñÅ®ÈË£¬ÖÒʵµÄ²»Æ¯ÁÁ£¬Æ¯ÁÁµÄ²»ÖÒʵ¡£Êµ¼ÊÉÏ£¬ÖÒʵÓëͨ˳µÄ¹ØϵÊDZçÖ¤¹Øϵ¡£
3. Ò컯£¨alienation £©
Ò컯·¨ÒªÇóÒëÕßÏò×÷Õß¿¿Â££¬²ÉÈ¡ÏàÓ¦ÓÚ×÷ÕßʹÓõÄÔÓï±í´ï·½Ê½£¬À´´«´ïÔÎĵÄÄÚÈÝ¡£±£ÁôµÄÔÎĵÄÎÄ»¯ÒâÏó£¬Ä¿µÄÊÇʹÒëÎı£³ÖÔÎĵÄÓïÑÔ·ç¸ñ£¬ÏòÒëÎĶÁÕß½éÉÜÔ´ÓïÎÄ»¯£¬²¢·á¸»ÒëÈëÓï¼°ÎÄ»¯¡£
Ò컯ÊÇÒÔÔ´ÓïÎÄ»¯(source language culture oriented )Ϊ¹éËÞ£¬ÌᳫÒëÎÄÓ¦¾¡Á¿È¥ÊÊÓ¦¡¢×ñ´ÓÔ´ÓïÎÄ»¯¼°Ô×÷ÕßµÄDz´ÊÓþäÏ°¹ß£¬±£ÁôÔ´ÓïµÄÒì¹úÇéµ÷¡£ e.g.
All roads lead to Rome. ÌõÌõ´óµÀͨÂÞÂí¡£
¹é»¯·Òë(domesticating translation)ÓëÒ컯·Òë(foreignizing translation)ÊÇÃÀ¹úѧÕßÀÍÂ×˹¡¤Î¤Å¬µÙÔÚ1995ÄêËùÖøµÄ¡¶ÒëÕßµÄÒþÉí¡·(Translator¡¯s Invisibility)Ò»ÊéÖÐÊ×´ÎÌá³öµÄ¡£
1£®Ò컯¿ÉÒÔÔÚÓïÒô²ãÉϳöÏÖ¡£ÀýÈ磺 balletÒë×÷¡°°ÅÀÙÎ衱 cigarÒë×÷¡°Ñ©ÇÑ¡±
laser¹ýÈ¥Òë³É¡°À³Èû¡±£¬ÏÖÒë×÷¡°ÀØÉ䡱¡¢¡°¼¤¹â¡± 2£®Ò컯¿ÉÒÔÔÚ´ÊÓï²ã³öÏÖ¡£ÀýÈ磺 ¡°crocodile tears¡±Òë×÷¡°öùÓãµÄÑÛÀᡱ ¡°an olive branch¡±Òë×÷¡°éÏéÖ¦¡± ¡°sour grapes¡±Òë×÷¡°ËáÆÏÌÑ¡± ¡°the cold war¡±Òë×÷¡°ÀäÕ½¡±µÈµÈ¡£ 3£®Ò컯¿ÉÒÔÔÚ¾ä×ӽṹ²ã´Î³öÏÖ¡£
4. ¹é»¯ £¨domestication£©
¹é»¯£¬¾ÍÊDz»¿¼ÂÇÔÎĵÄÄÚÈݺÍÐÎʽ£¬¶øÓöÁÕßÊìϤµÄÓïÑÔºÍÐÎʽÀ´·Ò룬¾¡¿ÉÄܵشﵽÔÎĵÄÒâÒåºÍ¹¦ÄÜ¡£Àý£º
Love me, love my dog. °®Îݼ°ÎÚ¡£ a lion in the way À¹Â·»¢ as timid as a hare µ¨Ð¡ÈçÊó seek a hare in a hen¡¯s nest ԵľÇóÓã as stupid as a goose ´ÀµÃÏñÖí
cry up wine and sell vinegar ¹ÒÑòÍ·¡¢Âô¹·Èâ to grow like mushrooms Óêºó´ºËñ talk horse ´µÅ£ drink like a fish Å£Òû
One boy is a boy£¬two boys half a boy£¬three boys noboy£® Ò»¸öºÍÉÐÌôË®³Ô£¬Á½¸öºÍÉÐ̧ˮ³Ô£¬Èý¸öºÍÉÐûˮ³Ô¡£
4. ¹é»¯ £¨domestication£©
¹é»¯ÒÔÄ¿µÄÓïÎÄ»¯Îª¹éËÞ(target language culture oriented)¡£Ö÷ÕÅã¡ÊØÄ¿µÄÓïÎÄ»¯µÄÓïÑÔ´«Í³£¬Ê¹ÓõصÀµÄÄ¿µÄÓï±í´ï£¬×ñ´ÓÄ¿µÄÓïµÄÎÄ»¯Ï°¹ß¡£¹é»¯·ÒëÓÐ×Å»ý¼«µÄÒâÒ壬ËüʹµÃÒëÎĶÁÆðÀ´Í¨Ë×Ò׶®£¬²»´æÔÚ¼èɬÞÖ¿ÚµÄÏÖÏó¡£ÔÚÕâÒ»ÔÔòµÄÖ¸µ¼Ï£¬ÒëÕß»á×î´óÏ޶ȵØÁ¦Çó¹¦ÄܶԵȣ¨equivalence£©£¬ÔÚÄ¿µÄÓïÖÐÕÒ³öÔ´ÓïµÄ¶ÔµÈÓï(equivalent)¡£ Èç¹ûÔÚÄ¿µÄÓïÖÐÕÒ²»µ½¶ÔµÈÓ¾Í¡°ÓÃÄ¿µÄÓïÎÄ»¯Ìæ´úÔ´ÓïÎÄ»¯¡±£¬¼´°ÑÔÚÄ¿µÄÓïÖÐÕÒ²»µ½¶ÔµÈÓïµÄÍâÓï´Ê»ã¸ÄÍ·»»Ã棬»òÌ×ÓÃÄ¿µÄÓïÖÐÓëÖ®ÏàËƵÄÏֳɵıí´ï·¨£¬°ÑËüÃDZä³É¶ÁÕßÊìϤµÄÄ¿µÄÓïÎÄ»¯ÐÎÏó¡£
1. In the kingdom of blind men the one-eyed man is king.
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·Òë¼¼ÇÉ:skills of translation 1. Öظ´·¨ (repetition) 2. ÔöÒë·¨ (amplification) 3. Ê¡ÂÔ·¨ (omission) 4. ´ÊÀàת»»·¨ (conversion) 5. ÓïÐòת»»·¨ (inversion)
6. Õý·´, ·´Õý±í´ï·¨ (affirmative and negative expression) 7. ·ÖÒë·¨ (division)
8. Óï̬ת»»·¨ (the change of the voices) 9. ºÏÒë·¨(combination)
10. Ðéʵת»»·¨£¨³éÏóÓë¾ßÌå·Òë·¨£©(abstract and concrete) 11. ³É·Ýת»»·¨£¨conversion of ingredients£©
12. ˳Òë·¨(linear translation ) 13. ÄæÐò·¨(hysteron-proteron ) 14. ×ۺϷ¨(synthesis ) 15. ¼Ó×¢Òë·¨(explanation) 16. ÒôÒë·¨(transliteration )
1. Öظ´·¨ (repetition)
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Àý£ºWe shall overcome all the difficulties so long as we study hard and in a good way. Ö»ÒªÎÒÃÇѧϰŬÁ¦£¬¶øÇÒѧϰµÃ·¨£¬ÎÒÃǾÍÄÜ¿Ë·þѧϰÖеÄÀ§ÄÑ¡£