2. (1) insight (2) expertise (3) obscure (4) backward

(5) undertake (6) ignorant (7) acknowledge (8) essential (9) minimize (10) shatter (11) fading (12) illustration 3. The members of a word family insight insights insightful minimize minimized minimizing circumstance circumstantial circumstantially parallel paralleled unparallelled hypothesis hypothetical hypothetically irrespective irrespectively respectively bureaucrat bureaucratic bureaucratically dazzle dazzled dazzling dazzlingly essence essential essentially essentiality undertake undertaking undertaker gigantic gigantism resurrect resurrection resurgent resurgence inherit inherent inheritable inheritor inheritress illusion illusive illusionary illusionist astronomy astronomical astronavigation transform transformable transformer backward backwards backwardness contribution contributive contributory indebted indebtedness relevant irrelevance irrelevant relevance Chinese equivalent n.洞察力n.领悟adj.有深刻见解的 v.使减到最小adj.最小化的adj.极小值的 n.环境adj.依照情况的、详尽的adv.依照情 况地 adj.平行的n.平行线adj.并行的adj.无法匹配的 n.假设adj.假设的,爱猜想的adv.假想地 adj.不考虑的 ,无关的 adv.无关地 adv.各自地 n.官僚 adj.官僚的 adv.官僚主义地 v.使目眩 adj.眼花缭乱的 adj.耀眼的 adv.灿烂地 n.本质 adj.基本的 adv.本质上n.重要性 ,根本性 v.承担 ,保证 n.事业 n.承办人 adj.巨大的 ,庞大的 n.巨人症 v.使复活 n.复活 ,复活者 adj.复活的 n.再现 v.继承 adj.固有的 adj.可继承的 n.继承人 n.女继承人 n.幻觉 adj.错觉的 adj.幻影的 n.魔术师 n.天文学 adj.天文的 n.太空航行 v.改变、变换 adj.可转换的 n.变压器 adj.向后的 adv.向后地 n.落后 n.贡献、投稿 adj.出资的、贡献的 adj.捐助的,导致的 adj.负债的 n.债务,受恩惠 adj.相关的 n.离题 adj.不切题的 n.关联

(1) insightful (2) transformation (3) respectively (4) dazzling (5) resurgent (6) indebted (7) backwards (8) irrelevant (9) unparalleled (10) illusionary 4. (1) C (2) D (3) A (4) B (5) A (6) A (7) C (8) D (9) B (10) D

5. (1) Examples will be drawn from literature and popular media to illustrate the range of leadership and non-leadership behaviors and competencies.

(2) You’ll never be able to eliminate interruptions altogether but you can do a lot to minimize them.

(3) There is evidence that the movie reinforces negative stereotypes about women. (4) The violence to property will do nothing to facilitate that investigation. (5) Determination and effort enable-d the young man to acquire success. (6) The project was held back by budget restraints.

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(7) We will continue to press governments in the region to undertake political reforms. (8) This level of economic growth is unprecedented and unique.

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(9) This policy could isolate the country from the other permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.

(10) The profound economic effect would accumulate day by day, and much of it might be reversible.

7. (1) It must be realized that China experienced a great transformation in the last century. (2) However, it is rather questionable whether the majority of Americans know the truth about China and Chinese people.

(3) All of the information can be conveyed by simple graphs.

(4) It is essential that our children absorb this lesson into their outlook on the world. (5) It is a lesson that all of us should take to heart.

(6) We must never lose sight of the fact that many inventions originated in China. (7) Many of us take it for granted that technology is the top priority in economic development.

(8) How was it that you had the right information at the right place and at the right time?

(9) I can think of no better illustration of the importance of higher education than the fact that many university graduates have become the leaders in various f ields.

(10) The demand for a raise ref lects as much a desire for the recognition of their success as for more money.

8. A. (1) C (2) B (3) D (4) D (5) C

B. China’s ancient great inventions and discoveries, as the forerunners of some of the

modern technologies, both enhance the quality of human life and change Chinese history of science. The most signif icant ones are papermaking, gunpowder, compass and printing. Paper, one of the most widely used and indispensable materials, led to subsequent

innovations like paper currency, woodblock printing and ceramic movable type printing. The most important invention of gunpowder triggered a series of related discoveries like fireworks, land mine-s，naval mine-s, exploding cannonballs, multistage rocket-s, etc. The compass, originally in a crude form, was followed by a magnetic device and a magnetic needle for navigation in waters.

C. (1) He accidentally stumbled upon f ireworks by mixing 3 routine kitchen ingredients — saltpeter, sulfur and charcoal and ignited them.

(2) The fireworks came to be used for auspicious occasions like wedding-s, religious ceremonies and to celebrate victories and achievements, and even as rocket fuel. (3) He was called the founder of f ire crackers.

(4) The gun powder tubes were found to be strong enough to launch arrows and this is how the rocket was conceptualized and used against the Mongolians in a Kai keng battle. (5) He wanted to see how these rockets could be used for transportation. D. (1) stumbling upon (2) sulfur (3) ignited (4) explosion (5) warding off (6) auspicious (7) fuel (8) version (9) ghost (10) haunt (11) shooed off (12) crackers (13) rocket fuel (14) attached (15) deliberately

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Unit 4 Responsibility of Scientists

Keys to the Exercises

Approaching the Topic

1. 1) Hans Bethe was a distinguished scientist with remarkable contributions to several areas of physics during his academic career, and also a Nobel Prize winner. As an exemplary scientist, Bethe was marked by his warmth, generosity, tenacity, and modest habits.

2) His major contributions include his 1939 research into how the sun generates its energy by

Converting hydrogen to helium using carbon as a nuclear catalyst and his central role in the “Manhattan Project”.

3) He used Los Alamos as a platform to address scientists there directly as well as scientists around the world through the press.

4) Because he realized that it was time to rightly disarm and dismantle nuclear weapons. 5) Like chemical and biological weapons, nuclear weapons have the potential for mass destruction, thus posing a great threat to humanity.

2. 1) b 2) k 3) c 4) e 5) m 6) j 7) a 8) f 9) d 10) i 11) h 12) g 13) l 4. (1) experimental (2) potential (3) identified (4) disappeared (5) zero (6) Achieving (7) possession (8) safeguard (9) abandon (10) look 6. 1) Disarmament of nuclear weapons.

2) They think nuclear weapons could have the potential for mass destruction, thus posing a great threat to humanity. 3) Open. 4) Open. 5) Open.

Reading about the Topic

3. 1) Einstein’s penetrating intellect gave rise to the birth of nuclear weapons. However, later in

his life, Einstein realized the potential harm of the invention and made serious efforts to deter the spread of nuclear weapons.

2) The major risk of nuclear energy is its potential for massive destruction that could bring an end to the human species.

3) Einstein never worked on the Manhattan Project to make the atomic bomb, and was deeply disturbed and saddened when the bombs were used on Japan.

4) There is no solution to the problem of atomic bombs except international control of atomic energy and, ultimately, the elimination of war.

5) The strong message he sent to humanity: “The splitting of the atom has changed everything

except our modes of thinking, and thus we drift toward unprecedented catastrophe.”It indicates his cautious and objective attitude towards nuclear weapons. 4. Set 1: 1) d 2) h 3) c 4) a 5) f 6) g 7) b 8) e Set 2: 1) b 2) e 3) a 4) h 5) g 6) c 7) d 8) f 5. Para. A (f) Para. B (e) Para. C (b) Para. D (d) Para. E (a) Para. F (a) Para. G (c)

6. 1) Yes, there is. A good scientist is not necessarily successful, and vice versa.

2) Fritz Haber’s case implies that it is possible for a successful scientist to do ethically bad

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things.

3) The role of the scientist can be defined by taking into account utilitarianism, obligation and virtue theory.

4) The authors believe that the Manhattan Project is a typical example of the obligation of scientists made necessary only under extraordinary circumstances like a war.

5) Because either term has no meaning in that particular theory. Every approach brings out a different aspect of “goodness”or“success”, but also leads to specific problems. 7. Set 1: 1) b 2) h 3) f 4) e 5) g 6) a 7) d 8) c Set 2: 1) d 2) c 3) h 4) g 5) e 6) a 7) b 8) f

8. 1) The authors of both articles both regard humanity as a crucial criterion in judging whether a scientist is successful.

2) The author of Reading 2 definitely would consider Einstein epitomized the qualities of a successful scientist according to utilitarianism, obligation and virtue theory. 3) Utilitarianism, obligation and humanity.

4) Yes. Einstein would be regarded as a good and successful scientist. In terms of utilitarianism,

his penetrating intellect changed our view of the world. In terms of obligation, he felt it was his duty to inform President Franklin Roosevelt of the potential danger that the Germans would develop an atomic weapon to defeat the Allied powers. In terms of virtue, he never stopped fighting for the disarmament of weapons of mass destruction, urging scientists to act for the good of humanity.

9. 1) The German chemist Fritz Haber developed a method for synthesizing ammonia, thereby making it possible to produce fertilizers cheaply and in large quantities. (Para. E) 2) Stubbornly, Haber rejected his wife’s every suggestion. (Para. G) 3) Sometimes ends do justify the means for successful science. (Para. I)

4) In the same way that the ancient Greeks made a list of the “cardinal”virtues and ranked types of character, it should be possible to do the same for specific scientific virtues. (Para. J) 5) The physicist Paul Dirac was a famously anti-social person who would sometimes not speak a word during dinner parties. (Para. K)

10. The example of the German chemist Fritz Haber illustrates that a successful scientist will do things both beneficial and detrimental to human beings. Exploring the Topic

4. 1) Other nuclear states unanimously support the statement “Post-Cold War environment requires nuclear deterrence”.

2) It is groundless to argue that a world without nuclear weapons would be a world full of dangers.

3) International control of atomic energy is the only way to solve the problem.

4) The theoretical breakthrough on the power of mass converted to energy originated from his knowledge of the relationship between mass and energy.

5) Therefore, a utilitarian perspective may allow us to see a successful scientist involved in both good and bad deeds.

6. To start with, success is bad when it is achieved at the cost of the total quality of an

experience... What is worse, success that comes too easily is harmful... Worse still, certain kinds of success can be destructive...

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