36. ABCDE 37. A

38. ABCD 39. AB 40. B 41. A

42. ABCDE 43. A 44. A 45. B 46. ABC 47. ABC 48. B

IV. Identify the fragments.

passage 1

1. Washington Irving

2. The Legend of Sleepy Hollow

3. A short story is a brief prose Fiction, usually one that can be read in a single sitting.

It generally contains the six major elements of fiction—characterization, setting, theme, plot, point of view and style.

passage 2

1. James Fenimore Cooper 2. The Last of the Mohicans 3. Hawkeye

passage 3

1. 2. 3. 4.

Thanatopsis View of death A

Nature speaks to him who in the love of Nature holds communion with nature ' s visible forms. Nature responds to two human moods, one is gayness; the other is gloominess, or sadness.

passage 4

1. 2. 3. 4.

Edgar Allan Poe The Raven

LI—Alliteration, L4—Onomatopoeia, L7—Internal rhyme, L10—Assonance

A sense of melancholy over the death of a beloved beautiful young woman pervades the whole poem, the portrayal of a young man grieving for his lost Leno-re, his grief

turned to madness under the steady one-word repetition of the talking bird.

passage 5

1. Edgar Allan Poe 2. Psyche

3. Psyche is the goddess of the soul in Greek mythology.

passge 6

1. Nature

2. Ralph Waldo Emerson

3. Then, the men cannot believe and adore the God, cannot preserve there membrance

of the city of God which had been shown. 4. Transcendentalism

passage 7

1. Nature

2. Ralph Waldo Emerson regards nature as the purest, and the most sanctifying moral

influence on man, and advocated a direct intuition of a spiritual and immanent God in nature. In this connection, Emerson' s emotional experiences are exemplary in more ways than one.

3. Now this is a moment of \

outside world, when one has completely sunk into nature and become one with it, and when the soul has gone beyond the physical limits of the body to share the omniscience of the Oversoul. In a word, the soul has completely transcended the limits of individuality and become part of the Oversoul. Emerson sees spirit perva-ding everywhere, not only in the soul of man, but behind nature, throughout nature.

passage 8

1. Walden

2. Henry David Thoreau

3. Find the answer from the passage.

passage 9

1. Self-Reliance

2. Ralph Waldo Emerson

3. He believed above all in individualism, independence of mind, and self-reliance.

passage 10

1. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

2. A Psalm of Ufe

3. His optimism which has characterized much of his poetry, also endeared many

critics to him. He seemed to have persevered despite tragedy. In his poem, The Psalm of Life, he writes:

Life is real! Life is earnest! And the grave is not its goal.

?

This is the cry of the heart, \regroup from losses, to push on despite momentary defeat.

passage 11

1. The Scarlet Letter

Nathaniel Hawthorne 2. adultery, able, angel

passage 12

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Moby Dick

Herman Melville

The captain of the whaling ship The name of the whaling ship

The rebellious struggle of Captain Ahab against the overwhelming, mysterious vastness of the universe and its awesome sometimes merciless forces.

VI. Analyze the main works.

Work 3: Nuture

1. As the leading New England Transcendentalist, Emerson effected a most articulate

synthesis of the Transcendentalist views. One major element of his philosophy if his firm belief in the transcendence of the \through virtually all his writings. \Nature, which is generally regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism, %universe is composed of Nature and the Soul. \and emphasizes the need for idealism, for idealism sees the world in God. \the whole circle of persons and things, of actions and events, of country and religion, as one vast picture which God paints on the eternity for the contemplation of the soul. \man, and advocated a direct intuition of a spiritual and immanent God in nature. In this connection, Emerson' s emotional experiences are exemplary in more ways than one. Alone in the woods one day, for instance, he experienced a moment of \

2.

3.

4.

5.

which he records thus in his Nature:

Standing on the bare ground, my head bathed by the blithe air and uplifted into infinite space, all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eyeball; I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or particle of God.

Now this is a moment of \outside world, when one has completely sunk into nature and become one with it, and when the soul has gone beyond the physical limits of the body to share the omniscience of the Oversoul. In a word, the soul has completely transcended the limits of individuality and beome part of the Oversoul. Emerson sees spirit pervading everywhere, not only in the soul of man, but behind nature, throughout nature. The world proceeds, as he observes, from the same source as the body of man. \Universal Being\for the rest of his life. Emerson' s doctrine of the Oversoul is graphically illustrated in such famous statements; \common to all individual men,\behind his individual life. \just a little less than Him. This is as much as to say that the spiritual and immanent God is operative in the soul of man, and that man is divine. The divinity of man became, incidentally, a favorite subject in his lectures and essays.

This naturally led to another, equally significant, Transcendentalist thesis, that the individual, not the crowd, is the most important of all. If man depends upon himself, cultivates himself, and brings out the divine in himself, he can hop to become better and even perfect. This is what Emerson means by the \\himself are infinite. Men should and could be self-reliant. Each man should feel the world as his, and the world exists for him alone. He should determine his own

existence. Everyone should understand that he makes himself by making his world, and that he makes the world by making himself. \for you \thyself!\Smith ventures to suggest, \abbreviation) self-reliance. \become; he was in the main optimistic about human perfectibility. The regeneration of the individual leads to the regeneration of society. Hence his famous remark, \ask for the individuals, not the nation. \on a very high level, of the buoyant spirit of his time, the hope that man can become the best person he could hope to be. Emerson ' s Transcendentalism, with its

emphasis on the democratic individualism, may have provided an ideal explanation for the conduct and activities of an expanding capitalist society. His essays such as \The Representative Men) reveal his ambivalence toward aggressiveness and self-seeking.

To Emerson's Transcendentalist eyes, the physical world was vitalistic and

evolutionary. Nature was, to him as to his Puritan forebears, emblematic of God. It

mediates between man and God, and its voice leads to higher truth. \vehicle of thought,\facts. \second sense and an ulterior sense. In a word, \is probably why he called his first philosophical work Nature rather ihan anything else. The sensual man, Emerson feels, conforms thoughts to things, and man' s power to connect his thought with its proper symbol depends upon the simplicity and purity of his character; \even into the era of manhood. \man and his character. A natural implication of Emerson' s view on nature is that the world around is symbolic. A lowing river indicates the ceaseless motion of the universe. The seasons correspond to the life span of man. The ant, the little drudge, with a small body and a mighty heart, is the sublime image of man himself.

Part IV. The Literature of Realism

I.Fill in the blanks.

1. Realism had originated in the country ________ as a literary doctrine that called for

\

2. The arbiter of nineteenth century literary realism in America was_______________ . 3. ____________ probed deeply at the individual psychology of his characters,

writing in a rich and intricate style that supported his intense scrutiny of complex human experience.

4. __________ , breaking out of the narrow limits of local color fiction, described the

breadth of American experience as no one had ever done before, or since.

5. __________ had an evident influence on naturalism. It seemed to stress the animality

of man, to suggest that he was dominated by the irresistible forces of evolution. 6. The poetic style Walt Whitman devised is now called __________ , that is poetry

without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.

7. In his cluster of poems called Leaves of Grass, _______ gave America its first

genuine epic poem.

8. There is no doubt that the solitary Emily Dickinson of _________ , Massachusetts ,

is a poet of great power and beauty.

9. There was only one female prose writer in the nineteenth century. That

was________

10. Harriet Beecher Stowe' s masterpiece is_____________ .

11. Samuel Langhorne Clemens is better known by the pen name______________ . 12. One of Samuel Langhorne Clemens' best books_____________ is built around his

experiences as a steamboat pilot.

13. The result of Mark Twain' s European trip was a series of newspaper articles, later