7. The sunk cost fallacy has a periodic application and was first identified by economists. ( Para.11) Meaning: The sunk cost fallacy happens regularly. It was first recognized by economists. 8. When a decision matters, it is best to rely on watertight logic and a careful examination of the evidence and to remain aware that what seems like good intuition is always subject to errors of judgment.( Para.14) Meaning: When you make an important decision, it is always best to rely on sound logic and a careful analysis of the evidence and to keep in mind that what seems to be good at first can often lead to errors of judgment. 4. Key Words and Expressions 1. factor…into… include a particular amount or factor when you calculate sth. 把…计入；把…考虑在内 Now it has become more popular for people to factor calories into their food choices. 现在人们在选择食物时把热量考虑在内已变得更加普遍了 2. attribute v. attribute sth. to sb. / sth.: believe that sth. is the result of a particular situation, event, or person’s actions 把…归因于… The company attributed the loss to higher material and labor costs. 公司把亏损归因于原料及劳动力成本的上涨。 3. petty a. (of a problem, detail, etc.) small and unimportant（问题、细节等）小的，琐碎的，不重要的 Our deficit problems seem petty when compared to those of people who never have enough to eat. 与那些从来都吃不饱的人相比，我们的赤字问题显得微不足道。 4. refute vt. prove that a statement or idea is not correct 驳倒，反驳（陈述或观点） One of the best ways to prove or refute a point is to cite examples from historical facts or your own experiences. 证明或反驳某一观点的最好方法之一是用历史事实或自己的亲身经历举证。 5. stall v. if a vehicle stalls or if you accidentally stalls a vehicle, the engine stops suddenly 使停止运转；熄火 The engine suddenly stalled because of a large puddle. 因为有个大水坑，引擎突然熄火了。 6. trigger vt. make sth. happen very quickly 使发生；引发； 激发 Earthquakes can trigger landslides and cause flooding and tsunamis. 地震能够引起滑坡，造成洪水和海啸。 7. come into play start to happen or have an effect 开始发生作用；开始起作用 This bias most frequently comes into play in areas where people are ignorant and stubborn. 这种偏见最常发生在人们无知又固执的地区。 8. retrieval n. The process of getting sth. back from a particular place, esp. from a place where it should not be 找回；取回 The real purpose of this equipment is the launching and retrieval of small airplanes in flight. 这个设备真正的目的是发射和找回飞行中的小型飞机。 9. obscure a. 1) not known about or not well known 不知晓的；无名的 2) not clearly expressed or easy to understand 晦涩的 v. make sth. difficult to understand 使难解；搞混；使变模糊 The contracts are written in obscure language.那些合同是用晦涩难懂的语言写的。 10. decay v. 1) become gradually worse in quality, or weaker in power or influence （品质）变糟；（权力或影响） 衰退，衰败 2) (of the condition of a building, an area, etc.) gradually become worse because it has not been looked after（建筑、地区等）逐渐破败，逐渐衰败 The government has tried dozens of approaches to revitalize decaying urban and rural areas. 政府已经试过数十种方法来重振正在走向衰败的城市和农村。 11. play the odds: take risks; try one’ luck 冒险；碰运气 Although they knew that they would lose money they decided to have fun at the casino and played the odds. 虽然他们知道自己会输钱，但还是决定在赌场里玩一玩，碰碰运气。 Step 3. Assignment Teacher asks students to practice the phrases and patterns learned in Unit 1 by writing a narrative essay of their own embarrassing experience. Teacher checks on Students’ exercises on pages24—28.