sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.

3. How do the major suprasegmental features of English function in conveying meaning?

.The main suprasegmental features include stress, intonation, and tone. The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning. There are two kinds of stress: word stress and sentence stress. Tones are pitch variations which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.Intonation plays an important role in the conveyance of meaning in almost every language, especially in a language like English. When spoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings.

4. Please use Sequential Rules to explain the combination of the three consonants in the following words: spring[spr?], strict[strikt], square[skw??], scream[skri:m].

.According to the sequential rules, if three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word, the combination should obey the following three rules: 1)The first phoneme must be /s/

2)The second phoneme must be /p/ or /l/ or /k/ 3)The third phoneme must be /l/ or /r/ or /w/.

5. Please use Assimilation Rule to explain the following phenomenon:

the negative forms of plausible, legal, regular are impossible, illegal and irregular.

The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “ copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. The sound assimilation is reflected in the spelling, causing such phenomenon.

第三章练习题

I. Multiple Choice:

1. Which two terms can best describe the following pairs of words: table-tables; day + break--daybreak

a. inflection and compound b. compound and derivation c. inflection and derivation d. inflection and inflection

2. Bound morphemes do not include ___. a. roots b. prefixes c. suffixes d. words

3. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __.

a. grammatical words b. form words c. function words d. content words

4. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed” in the word “learned” is known as a(n)_____.

A. Derivational morpheme B. free morpheme C. inflectional morpheme d. free form 5. The number of morphemes in the word “girl” is ____. A. One b. two c. three d. four

II. Explain the following terms briefly. 1. closed class words 2. free morpheme 3. root

4. inflectional morpheme 5. derivation III. Practice:

1. Divide the following words into their separate morphemes by placing a “+” between each morpheme and the next.

a. microfilm b. bedraggled c. announcement d. predigestion e. telecommunication f. forefather g. psychophysics h. mechanist

2. Determine whether the words in each of the following groups are related to one another by processes of inflection or derivation. A. go, goes, going, gone

B. discover, discoery, discoverer, discoverable, discoverability C. inventor, inventor’s, inventors, inventors’

D. democracy, democrat, democratic, democratize

3. The following sentences contain both derivational and inflectional affixes. Tick all of the derivational affixes and cross the inflectional affixes. A. The farmer’s cows escaped. B. It was raining.

C. Those socks are inexpensive. D. Jim needs the newer copy. E. The strongest rower continued. F. She quickly closed the book. G. The alphabetization went well.