Unit 1 Text Organization P11 \. ■■■■Paragraphs' ... ■■ - Part One Paras 1-2 ' Main Ideas Introduction — Both Napoleon's and Hitler's military campaigns failed because of the severity of the Russian winter. Napoleon's military campaign against Russia Hitler's military campaign against the Soviet Union Conclusion—The elements of nature must be reckoned with in any military campaign. Part Two Paras 3-11 Part Paras 12-20 Three Part Four Para 21 2 . Sections Paragraphs Main Ideas Section One Paras 12-13 Hitler's blitzkrieg against Russia and Stalin's scorched earth policy Section Two Paras 14-18 the battles fought at Leningrad, Moscow and Section Paras 19-20 Stalingrad the Russian counter-offensive and the outcome 33TTThreeThOf the war P14 Vocabulary I.1.1) alliance

3) stroke 5) minus 7)

declarations

4) limp 6) regions 8) siege

of the war 2) at the cost of

9) raw 10) bide his time 11) have taken their toll 12) in the case of P15 2. 1) is faced with 2) get bogged down 3) is pressing on / pressed on 4) drag on 5) get by 6) dine out 7) have cut back 8) get through P16 3. 1) The rapid advance in gene therapy may lead to the conquest of cancer in the near future. 2) Production in many factories has been brought to a halt by the delayed arrival of raw materials due to the dock workers’ strike. 3) Sara has made up her mind that her leisure interests will/should never get in the way of her career. 4) Obviously the reporter's question caught the foreign minister off guard. 5) The introduction of the electronic calculator has rendered the slide rule out of date / obsolete. 4. 1) Being faced with an enemy forces much superior to ours, we had to give up the occupation of big cities and retreat to the rural and mountainous regions to build up our bases. 2) Unity is crucial to the efficient operation of an organization. Failure to reckon with this problem will weaken its strength. In many cases, work may be brought to a halt by constant internal struggle in an organization. 3) The Red Army fought a heroic battle at Stalingrad and won the decisive victory against the Germans. In fact, this battle turned the tide in the Second World War. During this famous battle, the Soviet troops withstood the German siege and weakened the German army by launching a series of counterattacks. P17 II. More Synonyms in Context

1) During the First World War, battles occurred here and there over vast areas. Some of the

most dramatic fighting took place in the gloomy trenches of France and Belgium. 2) Elizabeth made careful preparations for the interview and her efforts / homework paid off.

3)1 spent hours trying to talk him into accepting the settlement, but he

turned a deaf ear to all my words.

4) Pneumonia had severely weakened her body, and I wondered how her fragile body could withstand the harsh weather.

P18 III. Usage

1) But often it is not until we fall ill that we finally learn to appreciate good health. 2) A rich old lady lay dead at home for two weeks—and nobody knew anything about it.

3) It's said he dropped dead from a heart attack when he was at work 4)Don't sit too close to the fire to keep warm—you could easily get burned, especially if you fall asleep.

5)In those days people believed in marrying young and having children early.

6)Little Tom was unable to sit still for longer than a few minutes.

■ P19 Comprehensive Exercises I. Cloze (A)

1. invasion 3. Conquest 5. launching 7. campaign 9. reckon with

10.bring?to a halt

2. stand in the way 4. catching... off his guard 6. declaration 8. drag on 10. bringing...to a

P19-

(B)

1. allow 3. highly 5. rapidly 7. delivery 9. observing

2. reckoned 4. forecasts 6. instant 8. advantage 10. Powerful

P20 II. Translation

1. Mr. Doherty and his family are currently engaged in getting the autumn harvest in on the farm.

2. We must not underestimate the enemy. They are equipped with the most sophisticated weapons. 3. Having been cut of a job/Not having had a job for 3months, Phil is getting increasingly desperate.

4. Sam, as the project manager, is decisive, efficient, and accurate in his judgment.

5. Since the chemical plant was identified as the source of solution, the village neighborhood committee decided to close it down at the cost of 100 jobs.

The offensive had already lasted three days, but we had not gained much ground. The division commander instructed our battalion to get around to the rear of the enemy and launch a surprise attack. To do so, however, we had to cross a marshland and many of us were afraid we might get bogged down in the mud. Our battalion commander decided to take a gamble. Luckly enough,thanks to the severe cold weather which made the marsh froze over, we arrived at our destination before dawn and began attacking the enemy from the rear. This turned the tide of the battle. The enemy, caught off guard, soon surrendered.

Part III TextB

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Comprehension Check 1. d 3. b

2. d 4.

Translation

(#JE Appendix III) Language Practice 1. boast

3. was concerned 5. paid off

7. are contesting 9. holdout

11. responsible for 13. favorable 15. on the eve of 17. complications 19. withstand

2. obstacles 4. call ...off 6. was pinned 8. down prior to 10. objective 12. in case 14. due to 16. cancel 18. stiff 20. absent

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Part IV Theme-Related Language Learning Tasks

Writing Strategy

Tick which of the following is more convincing: ____________ It was reported that General Eisenhower, though indecisive sometimes, had no

hesitation in ordering the assault on Normandy.

_____ √ ____ Eisenhower's chief of staff, Brigadier General Water Bedell Smith, later wrote:

\Finally he looked up, and the tension was gone from his face. He said briskly, 'well, we'll go.\P28 Model Paper

Can Man Triumph over Nature?

When people talk of man triumphing over nature, many things come to mind. One thinks of successes in medicine in the fight against disease, such as the invention of antibiotics and the promise held out by advances in biogenetic engineering. On a broader scale, one thinks of man's success in harnessing new forms of energy from steam power through oil to nuclear power.

Yet, nature has often hit back in unexpected ways to these attempts to tame it. New forms of