CARE”, etc. Indicative marks are often printed in black color.
Warning marks are usually made up of simple geometrical diagrams, word descriptions and particular pictures. It is also called dangerous cargo mark or shipping mark for dangerous commodities, which is brushed clearly on the shipping packing of the inflammable, explosive, poisonous, corrosive or radioactive goods, so as to give warning to the workers, such as “explosives, poison, hazardous article”, etc.
Letters on packing：materials or containers that are used for packing, shipping mark, packing charges, packing list and so on包装材料或器具、唛头、包装费用、装箱单等
例子 Letter 1 Packing Requirement：签订订单之后，买卖双方还会就包装问题进行探讨， 买方可以向卖方提出自己的包装要求。*说明具体的包装要求，期待对方的回复
包装费用通常包含在价格中，一般不再另做规定，但如买方要求特殊包装，则 超出的包装费用由谁负担，应在买卖合同中做出具体的规定。若合同规定由买方提供包装材料，那么还要对包装材料到达卖方的最后期限做出规定。
August 20,2010 Dear sirs,
Subject: Battery-driven Toy Cars
Referring to our recent exchange of fax, we would like to confirm our order for 4 thousands of your high-quality Battery-driven Toy Cars. As to the packing of our ordered goods, we suggest they should be wrapped in polythene wrappers聚乙烯包裹 and packed in cardboard boxes padded with foam plastic垫以塑料泡沫, ten toy cars each, 50 boxes to a wooded case lined with oil-cloth油纸衬里的木箱. We believe such packing will reduce any possible damage in transit to a minimum.
We trust that you will give careful consideration to our proposal.
Yours faithfully,
For B&G Department Store George kelin General manager
例子 Letter 2 Packing Suggestion： 在收到买方关于包装要求的信函时，如果卖方对此有异议的话，还可以提出自己的包装建议，并解释无法接受对方包装要求的原因。
1.收到对方的来信2.解释无法接受对方包装要求的原因 3.给出自己的包装建议4.期待今后的合作 August 25,2010 Dear sirs,
Re: Packing of Battery-driven Toy Cars
We thank you for your letter of August 20, confirming your Order for 4000 high-quality Battery-driven Toy Cars together with your proposal of the packing of the captioned goods.
As regards the packing, we could use wooden cases for the outer packing if you think better. We always have our client’s interest in mind把客户的利益放在心上. But, our improved packing with cartons for toy cars has been widely accepted by our regular clients. Up to now, there has not been a single complaint from any of them since our adoption of this packing. Our cartons are lined with 内衬以polythene sheet, reinforced by overall strapping with plastic straps to protect the contents from moisture or any possible damage from jolting and collision in transit. Therefore it is suitable for
long distance ocean transportation.
Furthermore, by using carton, the packing cost, and cargo weight can be reduced and freightage can be saved accordingly. If you insist on wooden cases for outer packing, we would strictly follow your instruction. Only that the extra charges should be borne by you.
We state the above for your reference. If we do not hear from you to the contrary before Sept.5, we shall pack the captioned goods in cartons as we have recommended. Yours faithfully， High-Ace Toy Factory Wang,
例子 Letter 3 Packing Requirement by the Clients： 顾客对产品有特殊的包装要求，因此，写信给卖方，详细说明包装要求，并提示如何来刷唛。
1.外包装要求 2.内包装要求 3.唛头标志 Dear sirs,
Re: Our Order No.226
Further to our telephone conversation on 22 regarding the packing of the above order for Smart Choice, we would like to propose the following:
1. Our clients would like to have the products packed in window packing for inner packing so that the products can be seen directly. They believe it will help to promote sales.
2. They prefer wooden cases to cartons for outer packing. They fear that cartons are not strong enough for ocean transportation. They might be easily damaged through rough handling粗暴搬运. They are more susceptible to 易受影响的，可能或可以的pilferage 偷窃and damage by moisture.
3. Please indicate HANDLE WITH CARE and mark our initials CUM in diamond, under which the port of destination and our Order No. should be stenciled用模板印刷on the outer packing.
Please let us know if you can do as requested. Yours faithfully, Smith &Jones Co.
例子 Letter 4 Improper Packing：买方收到货物后，发现由于包装不当，货物遭受到一定程度的损失。鉴于双方长期合作关系，买方可能不会要求对方索赔，但会委婉告知对方今后应该注意，避免此类事项重复发生。
1.包装不当引起货物受损 2.提出自己的包装建议 3.避免此类事项重复发生 Dear Sir or Madam,
We regret to inform you that of the 160 cartons of machine parts delivered to us last week, two were found broken and some of the contents were badly damaged clearly through improper packing. In view of our long-standing business relations, we would not lodge a claim提起诉讼，提出索赔 against you for the loss this time. But we feel it necessary to stress the importance of seaworthy packing 适于海上运输的包装for our future dealings.
Usually valves阀门 and all delicate machine parts should be wrapped in soft material packed in cardboard boxes. These in turn are to be packed in wooden cases in such a manner that movement inside the cases is impossible. Besides, rope and metal handle should be fixed to the cases to facilitated consignment. （货物、托运）而且，箱子的外层还应扣上绳子，并配上金属把手，以便于装运。 We look forward to your comments on the above. Yours faithfully,
Useful Expressions：
1.Types of packing
Cartons(纸箱), wooden cases(木箱),iron drum(铁桶),wooden casks(木桶),plastic casks(塑料桶),paper bags(纸袋) ,gunny bags(麻袋),plastic bags(塑料袋),container(集装箱), pallet(托盘),box(盒子), crate (板条箱),bale(包),can/tin(罐/听),carboy(玻璃瓶),bundle(捆),sale/marketing packing(销售包装),neutral packing(中性包装)，nude cargo(裸装货). Cardboard box(纸板盒子) 2. Some common markings and phrases:
NOT TO BE LAID FLAT切勿平放USE NO HOOKS切勿用钩NO TURNING OVER切勿倒置 OPEN HERE此处打开THIS SIDE UP此端向上INFLAMMABLE易燃品
NO DUMPING切勿投掷DO NOT CRUSH切勿挤压PERISHABLE GOODS易腐物品 FRAGILE 易碎品GUARD AGAINST DAMP防潮KEEP IN DARK PLACE暗处存放
KEEP DRY保持干燥HAZARDOUS ARTICLE危险品KEEP AWAY FROM HEAT请勿近热 3. In cardboard cartons, containing 30 dozen each.以硬纸箱包装，每箱30打。 4. In gunny bags,50kgs net to each.用麻袋包装，每袋净重50公斤。
5. In tin-lined waterproof wooden cases, each piece wrapped in oil-cloth, 20pieces packed in one case.
以马口铁衬里的防水木箱包装，每件用油布裹好，20件为一箱。
6. Packing in the same way as shipped for the previous order.按照上次货物装船的同一包装方法处理。 7. The shirt is packed in a polythene bag and then in a cardboard box, 10 dozens to a carton, with a gross weight of 20kgs.衬衫用塑料袋包装，然后用纸板箱装，10打装一个纸箱，毛重20千克。 8. The bed sheet under the captioned contract should be packed in plastic bags, five dozen to one carton, 20 cartons on a pallet, and 10 pallets in FCL container.
该合同项下的床单必须装在塑料袋内，5打装一个纸箱，20纸箱装一货盘，10货盘装一整集装箱。
9.?.strapped vertically and horizontally with metal bands and cut vent holes in the case to minimize condensation. 用铁条横向和纵向予以加固，并在箱子上切一个通风孔以降低箱内的空气密度。 10. Cases must be nailed tightly, battened and secured by overall metal strapping.
纸箱必须用钉子加固，并全部用金属压条捆扎固定。
11. As usual, packing for silk blouses, pink, blue and white equally assorted, size assortment is S2, M6 and L4 per dozens to a carton.
按惯例，丝绸女衫的包装为粉色、蓝色、白色均衡搭配，每打尺码为小2，中6，大4，12打装一箱。
12. Cases should be numbered from 1 to 20, the word “FRAGILE” stenciled clearly in normal size on all four sides of the container.
箱子外部按顺序从1到20编号，“易碎品”几个字按常规大小醒目地写在集装箱的四面。
13. Would you please give particular care to the fireproof lining, as our insurer insists on this.请特别注意使用防火内衬，因为我们的保险公司要求这样做。
14. The goods are marked with our initials in a diamond.请在货物上刷上菱形，内刷我公司名称缩写字母。 15. In iron drums of 30kg net each.以铁桶包装，每桶净重30千克。
16. 500M/T net packed in 2500 drums of 200kgs net each.净重500吨，装2500桶，每桶净装200千克。 17. Packed in 100 cartons of 2 pieces each.装100箱，每箱2件。
18. The eggs are packed in cartons with beehives, lined with shake proof corrugated paper board, each carton contains 300 eggs.鸡蛋用带蜂房孔的纸箱包装，内衬防震瓦楞纸板，每箱300个。 19. The outer packing in bags or in wooden cases is at buyer’s option. 外包装用包或木箱，由买方选择。
20．We usually pack each piece of men’s shirt in a plastic bag, half dozen to a box and 10 dozen to a wooden case.我们通常将每一件男式衬衫装入一个塑料袋内，半打装一盒，10打装一木箱。
21．Manually signed packing list in duplicate detailing the complete inner packing specification and contents of each package.手签装箱单一式两份，详注每件货物内部包装的规格和内容。
22．Signed packing list in triplicate showing gross, net weight, net/net weight, measurement, color, size and quantity breakdown for each packing, if applicable.
签名的装箱单一式三份，如果适用请标明每个包装的毛重、净重、净净重、尺码、颜色、尺寸和重量。 1. Our print cotton cloth pieces are packed in wooden cases, lined with kraft paper and waterproof
paper, 30 pieces per case with one pattern of 5 colors equally assorted.
我们的印花棉布用木箱包装，内衬牛皮纸和防潮纸。每箱30匹，一花5色，平均搭配。 2. The bed sheet under the captioned contract should be packed in plastic bags, five dozen to one carton,
20 cartons on a pallet, and 10 pallets in FCL container.
该合同项下的床单必须装在塑料袋内，5打装一个纸箱，20纸箱装一货盘，10货盘装一整集装箱。
3. The shirt is packed in a polythene bag and then in a cardboard box, 10 dozens to a carton, with a gross weight of 20kgs. 衬衫用塑料袋包装，然后用纸板箱装，10打装一个纸箱，毛重20千克。
4. The full details regarding packing and marking must be strictly observed. Please advise us 10 days before the month of shipment of the contract number ,name of commodity, quantity, port of shipment and the time when the goods reach the port of shipment.
有关包装和唛头的详细规定，都要严格执行。并请在交货月份前10天将合同号、货名、数量、装运港以及货物预计到达装运港的时间通知我方。
5. The wheat is to be packed in new gunny bags of 100 kgs and each bag weighs about 1.5 kgs. Shipment is to be made during May and July in three equal lots.
小麦用新麻袋包装，每袋装100公斤，袋重1.5公斤。在5月至7月之间货物分三次平均装运。
例子 Dear Sirs,
In reply to your letter of the 10th May inquiring about the packing of vases, we wish to state as follows:
Each vase packed in a plastic bag first, then in a thick, exquisite paper box, 10 boxes to a cardboard carton padded with foamed plastic. The cartons should be strong enough to withstand rough handling and long ocean transportation. In addition, please mark our initials BOC in a circle, under which the quantity and port of the destination should be indicated. And warning marks such as “Fragile”, “This Side Up” should be stenciled on the outer packing.
Please pack the goods strictly according to our requirements to avoid damage during transit. As the selling season is approaching, please expedite shipment for us to catch it.
Yours truly,
CHAPTER 8：Insurance （保险）
the main insurance categories：
Marine Cargo Transportation Insurance, On Land Cargo Transportation Insurance Air Cargo Transportation Insurance Mail Cargo Transportation Insurance
of which Marine Cargo Transportation Insurance is the oldest, others are all bases on it.
Marine Cargo Transportation Insurance has two categories:
The principal risks in Marine Cargo Transportation Insurance are:
Free from Particular Average (F.P.A.)平安险
with Particular Average (W.P.A.), 水渍险
All Risks. 一切险
General Additional Risks-the losses from usual extraneous risks
(1) Theft，Pilferage and Non—delivery Risk，T．P．N．D.; 偷窃提货不着险 (2) Fresh Water and Rain Damage Risk，F．W．R．D.;淡水雨淋险 (3) Leakage Risk;渗漏险(4) Shortage Risk;短量险 (5) Intermixture and Contamination Risk;混杂玷污险
(6) Clash and Breakage Risk;碰损破碎险(11) Rust Risk生锈险
(7) Taint of Adour Risk;串味险(8) Sweat and Heating Risk;受潮受热险 (9)Hook Damage Risk;钩损险(10) Breakage of Packing Risk;包装破损险 Special Additional Risk-the losses from special extraneous risks： (1) War Risk；(2) Strikes Risk；(3) Import Duty Risk；
被保险货物遭受保险责任范围以内的损失，而被保险货物仍需按照完好货物完税时，保险公司对损失部分货物的进口关税负责赔偿
(4) Afflation Risk；黄曲霉素险(5) On Deck Risk；(6) Rejection Risk； (7) Failure to Deliver Risk；交货不到险
不论任何原因，从货物装上船开始，不能在预定抵达目的地的日期起6个月内交货的，负责按全损赔偿
(8) Fire Risk Extension Clause For Storage of Cargo at Destination Hong Kong，Inc1uding Kowloon，or Macao，F.R.E.C.出口货物到香港、九龙或澳门存仓火险责任扩展条款
Institute Cargo Clauses (ICC) 协会货物条款-伦敦保险业协会： 1. ICC(A);承保风险和除外责任2. ICC(B);承保风险和除外责任 3. ICC(C);承保风险比（A）、（B）险要小得多，它只承保重大意外事故，而不承保自然灾害及非重大意外事故 4. Institute War Clauses Cargo Clause; 5. Institute Strike clauses Cargo Clause; 6. Malicious Damage Clause.恶意损害条款
In the above six risks, (A) risk、(B) risk、(C) risk are principal risks, others belong to the Additional Risks..
Letters concerning insurance should include the following information:：
1.The goods or consignment to be covered;
2.The coverage of the insurance and the insurance amount; 3. The premium rate;保险费率 4. The way of premium payment; 5. The validity of the insurance; 6. Insurance company;
7. Express expectations for an early reply or cooperation.
例子 Letter Ask to Cover the Insurance：按FOB条件签订贸易合同之后，应该由买方办理保险。但买方可以委托卖方在当地投保，但责任与费用仍由买方承担。卖方收到买方请求的信函后，若接受其委托，则可为之办理保险。
买方委托卖方办理， 保险卖方为货物投保一切险， 保险单寄送， 保险费的偿付
Dear sir,
Subject:Our Order No.103 covering 1,000 pieces Electronic Toys
We wish to refer you to our Order No.103 for 1,000 pieces of the captioned goods, from which you will see that this order was placed on FOB basis.
As we now desire to have the consignment insured at your end, we would be so much grateful if you will kindly arrange to insure the goods on our behalf against All Risks at invoice value plus 10%,