Chapter 7 Language change语言变化

知识点：

1. *Definition: clipping; blend; acronym; back-formation 2. Morphological and syntactic change 3. *Vocabulary change

4. Some recent trends in language change 5. Causes of language change 考核目标：

识记：Definition: clipping; blend; acronym; back-formation 领会：Morphological and syntactic change; Vocabulary change

简单应用：Some recent trends in language change; Causes of language change

一、定义

1. Clipping略写词：A kind of abbreviation of otherwise longer words or phrases. 指比较长的词或短语的缩写

2. Blending 混合法：A process of forming a new word by combining parts of two other words.

3. Acronym首字母缩略词 ：words derived from the initials of several words通过组合每个词的首位字母构成新词

4. Back-formation 逆向构词法： new words are formed by taking away the suffix of an existing word. 新词可以通过“去掉”现存的词的后缀而被创造出来

二、知识点

7.2 Phonological changes元音变化

One of the most obvious change in English is the systematic and regular change in the Vowel Change: Old English古英语 Modern English现代英语 [ā] (如在arm中) stān hām wrāt rād [ ] stone home wrote rode Around the death of Chaucer in 1400，元音开始了进一步的转变。中世纪英语的vowel元音经历了巨大的变化：p261中，p94英

7.3 Morphological and syntactic change形态和句法变化

7.3.1 Addition of affixes词缀增加

词汇的增加 borrowing 和word formation.

The most obvious way in which modern English differs lexically from old English is the number of Borrowed words from other languages.

由于英语从法语中借入了诸如favourable和accomplishment一类的词使得 -able和 -ment加入到英语的形态系统中。

Grammaticalization: In addition to the borrowed affixes, some lexical forms became grammaticalized over time.

Fusion融合: refers to this type of grammaticalization in which word develop into affixes, either prefixes前缀 or suffixes.后缀

1）prefixes前缀 ：affix + base

2）suffixes.后缀 ：base + affix

Many of modern English suffixes are derived from early words by means of fusion. (p95英)

7.3.2 Loss of affixes词缀丢失 （p96英 see）

在古英语中， -bora通常加在名词的后边派生出一个表示相应动作的执行者的名词，但是在现代英语中这个派生后缀已经丢失，如：

mund (\+ bora mundbora (\

派生规则丢失的另外一个例子是-yan的丢失。在古英语中，-yan加在形容词的后边派生出一个使役动词。在现代英语中，-yan已经消失。

古英语中有一套性标记系统。该系统把名词分为阳性词、阴性词和中性词。古英语中有一半以上名词具有格标记表示不同的格，但是在现代英语中，性和格标记的丢失已成为最为显著的形态丢失之一。

7.3.3 Change of word order规则的改变

古英语中有一个复杂的格标记系统，语法功能可以用格标记很好地揭示出来。格标记的存在使得古英语的词序比现代英语要灵活得多。例如，古英语的词序包括SVO,VSO, SOV 和OSV， 而在现代英语中，由于绝大多数格标记的丢失使得句子必须遵从SVO这一基本词序。

Subject object verb

S O V

7.3.4 Change in negation rule否定规则的改变

英语句子结构方面的规则变化主要体现在词序上。在中古英语时期，“not”加在肯定句句末构成否定句。但在现代英语中， “not”是加在主动词和助动词之间构成否定句，例如：

I deny it not. I love thee not. He saw you not.

In modern English, not must precede the main verb, and a do, marked for the proper tense, must be inserted: I love you. → I do not love you. He saw you. → He did not see you.

7.4 Lexical and semantic change词汇和语义的变化 ?~7.4.1 Addition of new word新词的增加

1)coinage创新词：a new word can be coined outright to fit some purpose,mostly for new things and objects.是指创造新词。这些词多来自