carried out \ce line pioneer standard, and post spurs\service months\de members always everywhere bearing in mind identity, based job post, active play role. To develop differentiated learning education guide party members in accordance with their own situation, target the problems to, based on the work done. Pay attention to the room and room for grass-roots party organizations, grass-roots party organizations have more autonomy in education, making education more ground, full of vitality, good effect. Finally, highlight the normal long-term. To highlight the characteristics of recurrent education, with long flowing, continuous line of perseverance the perseverance to promote educational efforts to realize the party's ideological and political construction of routine institutionalization. With the party branch as the base unit. Play the role of party branches should be, is the key to educational success. Each branch must take stricteducation and management responsibility of party members, education based on learning to make specific arrangements, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of party members involved in the education, ensure the Organization in place, measures in place, put in place. To the party organization as the basic form. In the standardized development of learning, make learning more effective efforts, and will adhere to the good party group, organized party, party members and the General Assembly, tell a good party lectures, can drive a good topic about, prevent showy without substance, Sham mules. To implement the education management system for basic support. Democratic mutual evaluation on party members in accordance with the regulations, the real performance criteria and order established, sound carefully dispose of unqualified party members, to further improve the dredge export team, pure self cleaning mechanism. Party leading cadres should adhere to and implement the central group learning system, to which branch of learning exchanges, participation in a dual organization with comrades. Focus on recurrent education, you also need to continue to strengthen the building of grass-roots party organizations. Now, the city also has 88 village party organizations are weak and lax, first Secretary of the village, but conversion requires a process. Recently, the city's party organization focused investigation, check out a total of \here are 640 \are not contacted 148 \nd implementation of organizational relationships. Educational management of party members into the Organization, there is a lot of work to do. Weak and lax party continued reorganization as an important task, finish perfect organization, with a good team, Good system. Special highlights of grass-roots party organizations, to be dealt with first in place, further education, reorganization, transformation and educationalinteraction. In short, through solid and effective work initiatives《社会学概论》教案
镇海电大 姜玉春
第一章 绪 论
目的要求：
通过学习，着重掌握社会学这门学科的意义、特点、产生的历史背景和科学条件；一般掌握什么是社会，社会学对我国社会主义现代化建设的作用。 一、社会和社会学 1．中国古书中的社会
“社”是指用来祭神的一块地方，“会”就是集会。两个字合起来，就表示在一定的地方，于民间节日举行的演艺集会或祭神的庆祝活动。其次，社会是指志趣相同者结合的团体，即许多人为了一个共同目标，聚集在一个地方进行某种活动。 2，马克思对社会的解释。
主要分三点：（1）社会是人们交互作用的产物，是社会关系的总和。（2）人类社会区别于动物社会的特征是劳动。人类通过生产劳动，创造人类的自身，创造了一定的社会关系和文化，组成了不同于其他动物靠本能而结合的社会。（3）人类社会是长期发展的产物，是与自然界有重大区别的特殊领域。
3，我们的意见：所谓社会，它是人类历史发展的产物，是人们按照自己不断增长和提高的劳动和生活的需要，创造性地结合成不同社会关系，进行不同社会活动的生活共同体。 二、社会学：
1，社会思想与社会学：社会学的产生，吸取了古代社会思想的有益成分。
社会学是从变动着的社会系统整体出发，通过人们的社会关系和社会行为，研究社会的结构、功能、发生、发展规律的一门综合性的社会科学。
社会学有如下几个主要的特征：
A．社会学把社会作为一个系统、一个整体看待。
B．社会学的研究是从社会生活中，人们之间的相互关系和社会行为入手的。 C．社会学研究方法上的综合性。
D．社会学把社会整体及其内部、外部的关系放在运动与变化的过程中去进行研究。 E．社会学非常重视社会调查研究。 2，社会学产生的历史背景及科学条件
社会学产生的历史背景：19世纪上半期资本主义大发展，同时也是资本主义的种种弊端开始逐步暴露的时代。
社会学产生的科学条件：当时自然科学的发展已取得许多重大成果。这就引导社会思想家用精确的自然科学方法研究社会。
社会学产生于19世纪30年代，代表人物是孔德。 孔德认为在整个世界发展中，群体、社会、科学甚至个人思想，都经历了三个发展阶段：（1）神学阶段（约在1300年以前），社会和自然都被看成是神创的。（2）形而上学阶段（约在1300~1800年），特征是崇拜抽象力，并以抽象的本质如“自然界”为现存事物的终极原因，而不以人格化的神来解释理解事物。（3）科学阶段（1800年以后），又名实证阶段，以科学信仰为其特征。人们开始放弃以神祗自然界为现存事物的本质原因的探求，致力于观察现象和探讨支配自然和社会的规律。与人类理智发展的神学、形而上学和实证科学三个阶段相对应的社会组织形式，分别是军事社会、法律社会和工业社会，相应的政权组织是神权、
roken problem, fill the short Board, so that the majority of party members and fully qualified, comprehensive skills of grass-roots party organizations, grass-roots party level upgrade. Comrades, do a \ng education is of great significance, responsibilities, carry significant implications. City levels party and general members cadres, to deep awareness \do\ning education of importance and need, to height of political consciously and full of political enthusiasm, put \n a do\ning education carried out good, for coordination advance \a full\chieved \n-Five%up construction more high ecological vitality happiness of City provides strong powerful guarantee. Two, starting from the revered Constitution respected the party Constitution was XI Jinping, General Secretary to the party's request, 18 six plenary session of the Central Commission for discipline inspection report \Full strictly administering the party, first of all, to exalt the party Constitution, and pipe the whole party, the ruling party of the party Constitution. Revered Constitution reflected in awe. Party a party of ideals and beliefs purpose, summed up the party's fine tradition and style; a clear party members and what can be done and what must be done, what cannot be done. Each Communist Party Constitution to awe and wary eye enhancing the sacred sense of responsibility and mission. Hearts filled with party Constitution, hold the party line, BA obligations unconditionally carry out party members, according to the Constitution of direction towards standards efforts. Respect reflected in the study the party Constitution means. Some party members joined the party Constitution on the shelf, not to learn, some long-term party according to the Constitution of the party's organization, the party is not required to pay membership dues, loose concept, party organizations of the party organization, and turned a blind eye on the tasks assigned by the Organization, were forgotten, forgotten vows performance the party Constitution. Constitution is the fundamental standard of our Communists are slim, the party Constitution to repeatedly learn, practice, thinking, learning and thinking, thinking and row, row, ever-spiraling increase in the learning process. Respect party lines reflected in practice. Two to learn a basic Constitution Party rules, series of speeches, the key to be qualified party members. To be qualified party members, standards are not high, but if he does take a ruler of the party Constitution to \d\sy. Carry out study and education, every party must control the party's eight obligations, ask, look for gaps, identify problems, clear direction, work to solve specific problems. Actively practicing in the production life of the eight obligations, to play a vanguard and exemplary role, truly a party banner. \hlight grass-roots party organizations carried out \ce line pioneer standard, and post spurs\service months\de members always everywhere bearing in mind identity, based job post, active play role. To develop differentiated learning education guide party members in accordance with their own situation, target the problems to, based on the work done. Pay attention to the room and room for grass-roots party organizations, grass-roots party organizations have more autonomy in education, making education more ground, full of vitality, good effect. Finally, highlight the normal long-term. To highlight the characteristics of recurrent education, with long flowing, continuous line of perseverance the perseverance to promote educational efforts to realize the party's ideological and political construction of routine institutionalization. With the party branch as the base unit. Play the role of party branches should be, is the key to educational success. Each branch must take stricteducation and management responsibility of party members, education based on learning to make specific arrangements, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of party members involved in the education, ensure the Organization in place, measures in place, put in place. To the party organization as the basic form. In the standardized development of learning, make learning more effective efforts, and will adhere to the good party group, organized party, party members and the General Assembly, tell a good party lectures, can drive a good topic about, prevent showy without substance, Sham mules. To implement the education management system for basic support. Democratic mutual evaluation on party members in accordance with the regulations, the real performance criteria and order established, sound carefully dispose of unqualified party members, to further improve the dredge export team, pure self cleaning mechanism. Party leading cadres should adhere to and implement the central group learning system, to which branch of learning exchanges, participation in a dual organization with comrades. Focus on recurrent education, you also need to continue to strengthen the building of grass-roots party organizations. Now, the city also has 88 village party organizations are weak and lax, first Secretary of the village, but conversion requires a process. Recently, the city's party organization focused investigation, check out a total of \here are 640 \are not contacted 148 \nd implementation of organizational relationships. Educational management of party members into the Organization, there is a lot of work to do. Weak and lax party continued reorganization as an important task, finish perfect organization, with a good team, Good system. Special highlights of grass-roots party organizations, to be dealt with first in place, further education, reorganization, transformation and educationalinteraction. In short, through solid and effective work initiatives 王权和共和政体。
中国社会学产生的历史背景也是如此。
开始于1903年，严复翻译出版英国早期社会学家斯宾塞的《社会学原理》的一个绪论部分。上海文明编译书局出版，书名定为《群学肄言》，即“如何学习社会学”的意思。1897年先为上海国闻报社翻译了前两章，名为《砭愚篇》和《倡学篇》，1901~1902年陆续译完，共十六章，于1903年出版。译文古雅而精深，文章并可琅琅成诵，一时风行海内。 3， 社会学的学科特点
社会学把社会作为一个整体来看待。
社会学广泛地研究社会生活中人们之间的相互关系和社会行为。 社会学研究方法上的综合性。
社会学把社会整体及其内部、外部的关系放在运动与变化的过程中进行研究。 社会学非常重视社会调查研究。
三、社会学研究的领域以及与其他有关社会科学的关系 1．社会学研究的领域：主要分理论、方法（经验）、应用三大类。各个分支学科已不下百种，大的门类也有将近三十类。
2．社会学与其他有关社会科学的关系
社会学与政治学、经济学、法学等的关系。 社会学与历史学、人类学、心理学等的关系。 社会学与历史唯物主义的关系。
社会学与历史唯物主义的关系问题，可以表述为：1、历史唯物主义是社会学研究的哲学基础。历史唯物主义是社会学研究的科学的世界观、方法论。2、社会学与历史唯物主义是有区别的。历史唯物主义是一门哲学的世界观，属于哲学的范畴，而社会学是一门具体的社会科学。历史唯物主义是从哲学的角度研究社会发展的一般规律，而社会学则是对社会现象，运用自己特有的方法进行具体的研究，找出社会构成和发展的具体规律。3、社会学研究的科学成果，是历史唯物主义发展的源泉之一。历史唯物主义只是不断吸取具体社会科学，包括社会学的研究成果，扎根于具体科学之中，才能更加充实地发展自己。由此，可以看出二者是一般与特殊、指导与被指导的关系，什么“替代论”、“取消论”都是错误的。 四、学习社会学的意义
1．掌握现代社会的基础知识，可以使人们更自觉地参与社会生活。
2．增长社会管理的才干，为建立文明、健康、科学合理的生活方式做出贡献。 3．为政府决策部门提供科学的依据。
4．为发展边缘学科和多科学性综合研究做出贡献。
第二章 人的社会需要
目的要求：通过学习，重点掌握社会需要的概念，社会需要在人的社会生活中的地位，马克思主义的社会需要理论和马斯洛的需要层次论。一般掌握其他社会性需要学说及提高和满足的途径。
一、人的社会性需要在社会生活中的意义 1．社会需要的涵义
人的社会需要是在人的生理、心理条件和外在环境条件的结合下，通过实践活动，力求获得一定的生活和发展成果的心理状态。人们的社会需要是人们行为的基本动力，就哲学意义说，人的需要就是人的本性。其具有必然性、客观性和社会性的特征。
roken problem, fill the short Board, so that the majority of party members and fully qualified, comprehensive skills of grass-roots party organizations, grass-roots party level upgrade. Comrades, do a \ng education is of great significance, responsibilities, carry significant implications. City levels party and general members cadres, to deep awareness \do\ning education of importance and need, to height of political consciously and full of political enthusiasm, put \n a do\ning education carried out good, for coordination advance \a full\chieved \n-Five%up construction more high ecological vitality happiness of City provides strong powerful guarantee. Two, starting from the revered Constitution respected the party Constitution was XI Jinping, General Secretary to the party's request, 18 six plenary session of the Central Commission for discipline inspection report \Full strictly administering the party, first of all, to exalt the party Constitution, and pipe the whole party, the ruling party of the party Constitution. Revered Constitution reflected in awe. Party a party of ideals and beliefs purpose, summed up the party's fine tradition and style; a clear party members and what can be done and what must be done, what cannot be done. Each Communist Party Constitution to awe and wary eye enhancing the sacred sense of responsibility and mission. Hearts filled with party Constitution, hold the party line, BA obligations unconditionally carry out party members, according to the Constitution of direction towards standards efforts. Respect reflected in the study the party Constitution means. Some party members joined the party Constitution on the shelf, not to learn, some long-term party according to the Constitution of the party's organization, the party is not required to pay membership dues, loose concept, party organizations of the party organization, and turned a blind eye on the tasks assigned by the Organization, were forgotten, forgotten vows performance the party Constitution. Constitution is the fundamental standard of our Communists are slim, the party Constitution to repeatedly learn, practice, thinking, learning and thinking, thinking and row, row, ever-spiraling increase in the learning process. Respect party lines reflected in practice. Two to learn a basic Constitution Party rules, series of speeches, the key to be qualified party members. To be qualified party members, standards are not high, but if he does take a ruler of the party Constitution to \d\sy. Carry out study and education, every party must control the party's eight obligations, ask, look for gaps, identify problems, clear direction, work to solve specific problems. Actively practicing in the production life of the eight obligations, to play a vanguard and exemplary role, truly a party banner. \hlight grass-roots party organizations carried out \ce line pioneer standard, and post spurs\service months\de members always everywhere bearing in mind identity, based job post, active play role. To develop differentiated learning education guide party members in accordance with their own situation, target the problems to, based on the work done. Pay attention to the room and room for grass-roots party organizations, grass-roots party organizations have more autonomy in education, making education more ground, full of vitality, good effect. Finally, highlight the normal long-term. To highlight the characteristics of recurrent education, with long flowing, continuous line of perseverance the perseverance to promote educational efforts to realize the party's ideological and political construction of routine institutionalization. With the party branch s the base unit. Play the role of party branches should be, is the key to educational success. Each branch must take stricteducation and management responsibility of party members, education based on learning to make specific arrangements, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of party members involved in the education, ensure the Organization in place, measures in place, put in place. To the party organization as the basic form. In the standardized development of learning, make learning more effective efforts, and will adhere to the good party group, organized party, party members and the General Assembly, tell a good party lectures, can drive a good topic about, prevent showy without substance, Sham mules. To implement the education management system for basisupport. Democratic mutual evaluation on party members in accordance with the regulations, the real performance criteria and order established, sound carefully dispose of unqualified party members, to further improve the dredge export team, pure self cleaning mechanism. Party leading cadres should adhere to and implement the central group learning system, to which branch of learning exchanges, participation in a dual organization with comrades. Focus on recurrent education, you also need to continue to strengthen the building of grass-roots party organizations. Now, the city also has 88 village party organizations are weak and lax, first Secretary of the village, but conversion requires a process. Recently, the city's party organization focused investigation, check out a total of \here are 640 \are not contacted 148 \nd implementation of organizational relationships. Educational management of party members into the Organization, there is a lot of work to do. Weak and lax party continued reorganization as an important task, finish perfect organization, with a good team, Good system. Special highlights of grass-roots party organizations, to be dealt with first in place, further education, reorganization, transformation and educationalinteraction. In short, through solid and effective work initiatives 社会需要是人们在一定的情景下，对客观事物产生的匮乏感，而要求得到满足的社会心理反应。了解这个涵义，可从三个方面着眼：（1）社会需要的产生和满足有其必然性，需要得不到一定的满足，可能会阻碍个人或集体的生存或发展。（2）需要的产生并不是完全主观的，有其客观性。它是在社会的历史、文化情景和当前实际情况下发生的。（3）需要是一种社会的历史、文化情景和当前实际情况下发生的。（4）需要是一种社会心理现象，是客观事物，通过人的自觉能动性体现出来，表现了需要的社会性。 2．社会需要的产生
社会需要是由人的生理内驱力和外在环境的诱因指引下，在生活实践中产生的。需要是对客观现实的反映，原有需要在不断满足的过程中，产生新的需要，产生新的社会实践与新的社会生活。
3．社会需要在社会生活中的地位。
社会需要是人的行为动力，是人们活动的积极的动力源泉。 需要只有通过他人才能获得满足，需要是构成人的社会关系的基础，是群体形成的基础。 需要是通过社会实践产生的和提高的。体现了需要的社会性与实践性。也就是说，只有通过劳动，需要才能发展，才能实现。 二、社会需要的理论
1．社会需要的类型分为：物质需要、精神需要和社会综合性需要。
社会需要在社会生活中处于非常关键的位置，这表现在：
需要是人的行为动力。人的行为追求一定的目的，包括物质利益、成长条件、社会关系和精神食粮，这些目的构成人们行为的动力，构成人们向自然和社会进取的、积极的动力源泉。社会需要是人们社会关系构成的基础。社会需要与人的劳动、实践相结合，相辅相成，推动着社会的发展。
2． 马克思主义的需要理论。
马克思主义的需要理论：首先，是建立在个人和社会不可分割的整体观的哲学基础上的，个人和社会是辩证的统一。“社会是人的社会，人是社会的人。”在个人和社会不可分割的前提下，就产生个人的需要并不只体现个人的意志，也是体现了个人需要的社会意义。因为人从来就不只是指自然的人，而是指社会的人。人是社会的动物。人所表达的需要，体现了人之所以谓人的本性。
其次，马克思主义的需要理论，又是历史的、辩证的看待人性与动物性——兽性的区别的，认为人性与动物性既有区别又有联系。其区别是人的需要的表现都是通过人的头脑，是人的社会性，人的一定程度的理智表现，而动物则是兽性、生理上的、本能的表现。但人性与兽性却又不能完全分开，毫无联系。恩格斯说得好：“人来源于动物的事实已经决定人永远也不能摆脱兽性。所以问题永远只能在于摆脱得多些或少一些，在于兽性与人性的程度上的差异。” 再次，马克思把人类的需要活动放到历史的进程中去考察，放到生产的历史发展中去考察，认为人类的生产活动是从生产生存资料进步到生产享受资料再进步到生产发展资料。人类的生产首先是为了满足生存的需要，再提高到为了满足高级的享受的需要，最后提高到为了满足最高级的发展的需要。这是人类生产发展的三阶段，也是满足需要的三阶段，更是人类为生存而斗争进步到为享受而斗争，再进步到为发展而斗争的必然过程。 3． 马斯洛的需要层次及述评。
马斯洛的需要层次：A 生理需要 B 安全需要 C归属需要 D 自尊需要 E自我实现的需要
关于马斯洛的“需要层次论”补充说明：
首先，对马斯洛的需要层次论要作全面的理解。一般地说，人们的需要是从低级需要向
roken problem, fill the short Board, so that the majority of party members and fully qualified, comprehensive skills of grass-roots party organizations, grass-roots party level upgrade. Comrades, do a \ng education is of great significance, responsibilities, carry significant implications. City levels party and general members cadres, to deep awareness \do\ning education of importance and need, to height of political consciously and full of political enthusiasm, put \n a do\ning education carried out good, for coordination advance \a full\chieved \n-Five%up construction more high ecological vitality happiness of City provides strong powerful guarantee. Two, starting from the revered Constitution respected the party Constitution was XI Jinping, General Secretary to the party's request, 18 six plenary session of the Central Commission for discipline inspection report \Full strictly administering the party, first of all, to exalt the party Constitution, and pipe the whole party, the ruling party of the party Constitution. Revered Constitution reflected in awe. Party a party of ideals and beliefs purpose, summed up the party's fine tradition and style; a clear party members and what can be done and what must be done, what cannot be done. Each Communist Party Constitution to awe and wary eye enhancing the sacred sense of responsibility and mission. Hearts filled with party Constitution, hold the party line, BA obligations unconditionally carry out party members, according to the Constitution of direction towards standards efforts. Respect reflected in the study the party Constitution means. Some party members joined the party Constitution on the shelf, not to learn, some long-term party according to the Constitution of the party's organization, the party is not required to pay membership dues, loose concept, party organizations of the party organization, and turned a blind eye on the tasks assigned by the Organization, were forgotten, forgotten vows performance the party Constitution. Constitution is the fundamental standard of our Communists are slim, the party Constitution to repeatedly learn, practice, thinking, learning and thinking, thinking and row, row, ever-spiraling increase in the learning process. Respect party lines reflected in practice. Two to learn a basic Constitution Party rules, series of speeches, the key to be qualified party members. To be qualified party members, standards are not high, but if he does take a ruler of the party Constitution to \d\sy. Carry out study and education, every party must control the party's eight obligations, ask, look for gaps, identify problems, clear direction, work to solve specific problems. Actively practicing in the production life of the eight obligations, to play a vanguard and exemplary role, truly a party banner. \hlight grass-roots party organizations