2008年对外经济贸易大学815经济学综合考研真题详解 下载本文

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边际成本MC和边际产量MPL两者的变动方向是相反的,MC?w?1,边际产量曲线MPL呈倒U形形状,因此边际成本曲线呈U形形状。正因为如此,在边际报酬递减规律作用下的边际成本MC曲线表现出先降后升的U形特征。由于在每一产量水平的MC值是相应的TC曲线和TVC曲线的斜率,因此TC曲线和TVC曲线的斜率由递减变为递增。结合边际成本曲线与平均成本曲线、平均可变成本曲线的关系,可得出边际成本曲线呈U形形状,对应的平均成本曲线和平均可变成本曲线也呈U形形状。

所以,边际报酬递减规律是短期成本变动的决定因素。

2.举例说明信息不对称所产生的逆向选择(adverse selection)问题如何导致了商品市场中的市场失灵。

答:逆向选择是指在买卖双方信息非对称的情况下,差的商品总是将好的商品驱逐出市场。或者说拥有信息优势的一方,在交易中总是趋向于作出这样的选择——尽可能地有利于自己而不利于别人的一种选择。

保险市场是解释逆向选择的一个很好的例子。在保险市场上,如果保险公司和投保客户双方的信息是充分的,则根据大数法则所订费率足以保证保险市场的有效运转。问题是保险公司对客户的信息不可能充分掌握。拿健康医疗保险来说,哪些人身体好,哪些人身体差,保险公司无法充分了解,结果是身体差的人投保最多。事后保险公司才了解到实际发病率和死亡率大大高于预期的发病率和死亡率,这迫使保险公司按“最坏情况”的估计来制订保险费率,但这样会使费率上升,会使身体好的人不愿参加保险。尽管身体好的人有获得保障的需求,但市场无法给他们提供保险,保险市场的有效性被破坏了。

3.为什么说消费物价指数(CPI)往往高估了价格上涨的幅度?

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4.宏观经济政策的目标是什么?为达到这些目标可采用的政策工具有哪些? 答:(1)宏观经济政策的目标 ①充分就业。充分就业特指劳动就业。由于劳动资源之外的其他资源是否已经被充分利用难以衡量,故通常用充分就业来表示经济资源被充分利用的状况。

②价格稳定。价格稳定是指价格总水平的稳定。价格水平或物价水平是指一个经济社会中所有产品价格的平均水平。在实践中,通常借助于价格指数,如消费物价指数(CPI)、生产者价格指数(PPI)和GDP折算指数,即不同时期价格水平的变动程度来衡量。

③经济持续均衡增长。经济增长是指在一个特定时期内经济社会所生产的人均产量和人均收入的持续增长。通常用一定时期内实际国内生产总值年平均增长率来衡量。保持经济持续均衡增长目标包括两层含义,一是保持经济持续稳定增长;二是保持经济总量的平衡和结构的平衡。

④国际收支平衡。一国的国际收支状况不仅反映了这个国家的对外经济交往情况,还反映出该国经济的稳定程度。当一国国际收支处于失衡状态时,必然会对国内经济形成冲击,从而影响该国国内就业水平、价格水平及经济增长。

(2)上述四个宏观经济政策目标之间并不是完全一致的,它们之间存在着矛盾,也就是说,要同时实现是有困难的。因此,如何确定重点政策目标和采取具体的政策措施协调各经济目标之间的矛盾,就成为宏观经济政策的主要内容。要实现既定的经济政策目标,政府可以运用各种政策手段,主要有财政政策工具和货币政策工具,各政策相互配合,协调一致。 985/211历年真题解析,答案,核心考点讲义,你想要的都在这→ 经济学历年考研真题及详解

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财政政策包括收入与支出两个方面,财政支出包括政府购买和转移支付,财政收入则包括税收和公债。货币政策工具主要有三个,也称货币政策“三大法宝”,即法定再贴现政策、准备金制度和公开市场业务。

六、论述题(每题12分,共24分) 1.物业税,又称“财产税”或“地产税”,主要针对土地、房屋等不动产,要求其所有者或承租人每年都缴付一定税款,税额随房产的升值而提高。试利用经济学原理分析征收物业税对房地产市场会产生什么样的影响?

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2.根据IS?LM模型分析资本完全流动的开放经济中货币政策的有效性。

答:在资本完全流动的情况下,细微的利差会引起资本巨大的流动,对应的BP?0曲线表现为一条水平线。

(1)固定汇率制下货币政策的效力

图1-3 固定汇率制与资本完全流动情况下的货币扩张

如图1-3所示,考虑从E点开始的货币扩张。LM曲线移向右下方,整个经济移到E?点。在E?点有大量国际收支赤字,因而有货币贬值的压力。中央银行必须进行干预,售出外币,并收进本国货币。本国货币供给因而减少。结果是,LM曲线移回到左上方。这个过程继续下去,直到恢复为初始均衡点E点为止。可以看出,在固定汇率制下,由于资本的完全流动,中央银行无法独立实施货币政策。

结论:在固定汇率制和资本完全流动下,实施独立货币政策的尝试都会导致资本流动,并需要干预,直至利率重新回到世界市场上的利率水平为止。

(2)浮动汇率制下货币政策的效力

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图1-4 浮动汇率制与资本完全流动情况下的货币扩张

如图1-4所示,从E点的初始位置开始,考虑到名义货币数量M的增加,LM曲线向右下方移位至LM?。在E?点,商品市场与货币市场(在初始的汇率水平上)处于均衡状态,但利率却降低到世界利率水平之下,导致货币贬值。外汇贬值使得净出口增加,IS曲线向右上方移动,直到IS?曲线和LM?曲线的交点对应的利率水平为世界利率水平为止。可以看出,在浮动汇率制下,由于资本的完全流动,货币扩张导致产出增加。

结论:在浮动汇率制的资本完全流动下,货币存量的增加将导致收入的增加与汇率的贬值。汇率贬值会增加净出口,净出口的增加又维持了较高水平的产出与就业。

七、英译汉(共三段,共50分) 1.(20 分)Since the barbaric \wheel\was replaced by the guillotine in 18th-century France, methods of execution have increasingly sought to end life speedily rather than inflict long agony. There can, however, be few decapitations less painful than those at big American banks. On November 4th Chuck Prince left the boss's office at Citigroup, the world's largest bank, with the \support and respect\of the board ringing in his ears, even though the firm had to write down $8 billion-11 billion in October alone (see article). A week earlier, Stan O'Neal lost his job at Merrill Lynch after leading the investment bank to a loss with $8.4 billion of write-downs. He too entered retirement not on a tumbril but in a limousine, with $160m to soothe his discomfort.

However churlish you may feel about Wall Street's new axiom-\the parachute\Accountability, after all, is a step towards clarity, and there are few more coveted resources in today's fog-strewn and stormy banking industry. Both .departures were accompanied by revelations of much steeper losses from American subprime mortgages than either Citi or Merrill had owned up to just weeks before.

That attempt at honesty may have spooked the market because it showed how unsure the banks remain about how to value their subprime-related assets, but that is no reason to shy away from such disclosures.

One worrying lesson for bankers and regulators everywhere to bear in mind is post-bubble Japan. In the 1990s its leading bankers not only hung onto their jobs; they also refused to

recognize and shed bad debts, in effect keeping \why the country's economy stagnated for so long. The quicker bankers are to recognize their losses, to sell assets that they are hoarding in the vain hope that prices will recover, and to make markets in such assets for their clients, the quicker the banking system will get back on its feet.

答:自从18世纪法国人用断头台代替了野蛮的“碎肉轮”以后,死刑就不再是一种长时间的痛苦折磨。但再爽快的死刑也不如美国大银行的斩首行动潇洒。11月4日,世界最大银行花旗集团的主席查克·普林斯因为在10月份遭受80亿~110亿美元的损失而被迫辞职,尽管如此,董事会仍对他致以“强有力的支持和崇高的敬意”。在普林斯离职之前一星期,美林解除了斯坦·奥尼尔的职务,原因是他造成了该投资银行84亿美元的损失。美林为此付给奥尼尔1.6亿美元补偿金,所以在退休之后他大可以开豪华轿车而不是拖拉机。

华尔街有句新格言:“飞得越高,降落伞就越大”,也许你对这句话感到愤愤不平,不过两位美国最顶级银行家的去职的确是个好消息。无论如何,有人负责总归有益于增进透明度。无法想像人们还能指望别的什么——动荡不堪的银行业现在犹如雾里看花。两大银行掌门人985/211历年真题解析,答案,核心考点讲义,你想要的都在这→ 经济学历年考研真题及详解

Born to win __________________________________________________经济学考研交流群 <<<点击加入 的去职都伴随着美国次级抵押贷款的巨额损失——大大超过了几个星期前的规模。

这种勇于认错的诚实行为可能引起市场恐慌,因为这表明银行根本不知道怎样对自己次级贷款相关资产进行估值。但自我揭发总比藏着掖着要好得多。

对世界各地的银行和管理层来说,后泡沫时代的日本是一个不可忽视的痛苦教训。在1990年代,日本大银行的高层不仅拒不离职,甚至拒绝对不良债务进行识别和剥离,导致“僵化”贷款一直留在资产负债表上。这是日本经济长期停滞不前的原因之一。银行应该尽快识别损失,抛售手中那些价格永无翻身之日的资产,并为其客户充当这些资产的做市商。行动得越迅速,银行系统的重新崛起就越快。

2.Consumer Protection(20 分)

The contract of sale is one in which buyer and seller are assumed to be in a position of general equality, so that the main function of the law is to work out the appropriate consequences of what may be assumed to be the common intention of the parties. It is obvious, however, that in a very large number of sales this is by itself an unsuitable technique. The buyer may by virtue of haste, ignorance, gullibility, inferior bargaining position or simple imprudence enter into a transaction in which the goods supplied, or the term of contract, or both, are unsatisfactory to him: and in many circumstances it may be felt that he is deserving protection. The protection required may be specific, i.e. there may be a need for a private remedy in a particular situation; or general, i.e. it may be desirable to control unacceptable practices of a particular type. A seller may also, thought less often, appear to require such protection against the buyer. The civil law has on the whole, save in the case of conscious deception, taken little account of these problems: its outlook is indeed sometimes expressed by the maxim caveat emptor (Latin: let the buyer beware). Even where there is a remedy, its exercise may be troublesome or risky for the consumer. But the general problem has in fact been the subject of attention for many centuries. Attempts to regulate the price of staple commodities (e.g. bread), and to control measurements and measuring equipment (e.g. in the sale of beer and coal) date back to the Middle Ages. More recently, however, the movement towards the protection of the consumer, who may in this context be roughly defined as private buyer from a commercial seller, and who is the person thought most in need of such protection, has increased greatly in strength and prominence. Statutes and regulations have sought to protect consumers; officials have been appointed who have consumer protection as their function or among their functions; organizations of consumers seek to promote their interests; studies are conducted into the problems of consumer protection; and the various organs of the European Union and its predecessors has since 1975 taken a vigorous interest in consumer affairs. Indeed, the European Community is committed to ensure \and to contributing \as promoting their right to information, education and to organise themselves in order to safeguard their interests\

答:消费者保护

销售合同是一种假定买方和卖方大体上平等,由此法律最主要的功能就是制定出恰当的为了使交易双方都达到想达到的结果。然而,很明显大量的自发交易并不是这样的。尽管商品或合同条款,或二者都不合意,但是买家可能由于匆忙、对产品信息不了解、处于讨价还价不利位置或仅仅由于轻率就实现了一笔交易,因此在许多情况下,人们觉得购买者需要受到保护。这种保护是具体的,比如在特定情况下消费者需要私密的补救措施,或者更一般的情形是,在特定情形下需要制止无法使消费者接受的交易行为。但我们很少认为卖家在同买985/211历年真题解析,答案,核心考点讲义,你想要的都在这→ 经济学历年考研真题及详解

Born to win __________________________________________________经济学考研交流群 <<<点击加入 家的交易中也需要这种保护。总的来说由于存在偏见,民法很少考虑这些问题。民法的主旨基本上可以用一句格言来说明:购者自慎(拉丁语:顾客要当心)。即便存在补救的办法,对消费者来说,执行补救措施可能会比较麻烦或者存在一定的风险。事实上,这类问题引起了许多国家的重视。一些国家对必需品(比如面包)的价格进行管制,及对其他可控产品(比如啤酒和煤)进行调控的尝试可以追溯到中世纪。然而最近,保护“消费者”的运动势力和影响力得到极大提高,“消费者”在此被定义为在商业交易中作为私人买家的个体和在交易者最需要获得保护的人;各种法规和条例已经出台以保护消费者;政府官员被认为其责任是保护消费者,或者其职能之一就是保护消费者;消费者协会力图保护消费者的利益;对消费者保护方面问题的研究已经开始;同时,欧盟的不同分支以及前期机构在1975年以后就十分关注消费者保护。欧盟委员会的存在就是为了确保“高水平的消费者保护”,并致力于“保护消费者的健康、安全及其利益”,同时提升他们获取信息和教育的权利,促使消费者组织起来保护自己的权益。

3.(10 分)Undoubtedly, the overall competitiveness of an economy that runs a persistent deficit or surplus is a decisive factor influencing the sustainability of the trade or current-account balance. Indeed, in the past, large corrections of deficits usually went hand in hand with huge devaluations of the nominal and real values of the currencies affected. Empirical evidence has shown that changes in the real effective exchange rate (REER), the most comprehensive measure of the overall competitiveness of countries, have the potential to reduce deficits or to cause swings in the trade and current account from deficit to surplus, because they induce an expenditure switch between demand for domestic and foreign goods.

答:毫无疑问的是,拥有持续赤字或盈余经济的完全竞争在保持贸易的稳定持续性和收支平衡方面起着决定性作用。在过去,大额的赤字更正的确是与受影响的货币名义价值与实际价值的大幅度贬值紧密相关的。经验表明,作为完全竞争市场国家综合性措施的实际有效汇率(REER)的变化,可以减少赤字或把贸易和资本项目由赤字转为盈余,因为它会引起国内外国商品需求之间支出的转换。

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