When Oliver Cromwell died in 1658 and was succeeded by his son，Richard，The regime began to collapse. One of Cromwell‘s generals occupied London and arranged for new parliamentary elections. The Parliament thus was elected in 1660， and to resolve the crisis， it asked the late king’s son to return from his exile in France as king Charles II， It was called the Restoration.

10.How did the “Glorious Revolution”break out？ What was the significance of it？ In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James ， who was brought up in exile in Europe， was a Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious views. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40years ago. So the Protestant king ， William of Orange， to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively sommoth， with no bloodshed，nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution.William and his wife Mary were both protestants and became co-monarchs. They accepted the Bill of Rights. It‘s the beginning of the age of constitutional monarchy.

Chapter 5 The Rise and Fall of the British Empire

1.What were the parliamentary politics like in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Whigs stood for 1） a reduction in Crown patronage（保护）2）shypathy towards Nonconformists（新教徒）3）care for the interests of merchants and bankers. Tories were traditionalits who wanted to preserve the powers of the monarchy and the Church of England. 2.What is your comment on land enclosures in England？

Agricultural enclosure became frequent in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It has good as well as bad results：1） Farms became bigger and bigger units as the great bought up the samll；2）more vegetables ，more milk and more dairy produce were consumed，and diet became varied.3）enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their lands by the enclosure.4）a new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships. Concentration of land in fewer hands increased the price of land and dashed the labourers‘ hopes of even owning his own land. 3.What was the industrial revolution？ Why was Britain the first country the start the industrial revolution？

The Industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. 1）Britain was well placed geographically to participate in European and world trade；2）Britain has a peaceful society；3）The limited monarchy ensured that the powerful economic interests in the community could exert their influence over Government policy；4）It was a country in which the main towns were never too far from seaprts，or from rivers，which could distribute their products；5）Britain had many rivers and useful maneral resources； 6）British enginerrs had sound traning as craftsmen.7）The inventors were respected；8）Probaly laissez faire and “protestant work ethic” helped.9）The national market was not hindered by internal customs barrriers.10）The enclosures and other improvements in agriculture made their

contributions by providing food for the rising population，labour for the factories，and some of the raw materials needed by industry.

4.How id the English Industrial Revolution proceed？

The Industrial Revolution began with the textile industry. It‘s characterized by a series of inventions and improvements of machines，such as John Ray’s flying shuttle，James

Hargreaves‘ spinning Jenny， Richard Arkwright’s waterframe and Samuel Crompton‘s mule. The Scottish inventor James Watt produced a very efficient steam engine in 1765，which could be applied to textile and other machinery. The most important element in speeding

industrialization was the breakthrough in smelting iron with coke instead of charcoal in 1709. Similar developments occurred in the forging side of the iron industry which enabled iron to replace wool and stone in many sectors of the economy. Improved transportation ran parallel with production.

As a result of the industrial revolution，Britain was by 1830 the “workshop of the world”； no other country could compete with her in industrial production. 5.What do you know about parliamentary reform？

Political change in England did not come through revolution but through gradual reform. At the general election of 1830，the Whigs under Lord Grey returned to power and want to carry out parliamental reforms. There were several reasons.First，power was monopolized by the aristocrats.Second，representation of town and country，and North and South was unfair.Finally，there were also various rotten or pocket boroughs.

So， between 1832 and 1884 three Reform Bills were passed.The Reform Act of 1832 Abolished “rotten Boroughs”，and redistributed parliamentary seats more fairly among the growing towns.It also gave the vote to many householders and tenants ，based on the value of their property.

6.What do you know about the Chartist Movement and The people‘s Charter？ What’s your comment on them？

In 1836 a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers formed the Londan Working Men‘s Association.they drew up a charter of political demands（a People’s Charter），The Chartist movement was the first nation wide working class movement and drew attention to serious problem. Chartism failed bacause of its weak and divided leadership，and its lack of coordination with trade-unionism.

7.How did the Labour Party come into being？ As the new working class became established in the industrial towns in the late 18th century，they became aware of the power which they could possess if they acted together instead of separately. So various working class organizations were formed which brough about the formation of a political party， the Labour Party.

The Labour Party had its origins in the Independent Labour Party，which was formed in January，1893 and led by Keir Hardie， a Scottish miner. The foundation of an effective party for labour depended on the trade unions. In 1900，representatives of trade unions，the ILP，and a number of small societies set up the Labour Representation Committee（LRC）。 The IRC changed its name to the Labour Party in time for the general election which was called for in 1906.the Labour Party remains one of the two major parties in Britain until today. 8.What was the colonial expansion like during the 19th century.

1） In the late 18th century Britain acquired vast，underpopulated territories：Canada，Australia，and New Zealand. 2） The conquest of India 3） The scramble for Africa 4） Aggression against China

9.What did Winston Churchill play in the Second World War？

Winston Churchill took over Chamberlain as Prime Minister in 1940 to lead Britain in such a crisis to be attacked by Germany.He received massive popular support as a war leader and led his country to final victory in 1945. He played an important role in the Second World War. 10.What are the main contents of Thatcherism？

Margaret Thatcher became the first woman Prime Minister in Britain in 1979.Her policies are popularly referred to as Thatcherism. It included the return to private ownership of state owned industries.the use of monetarist policies to control inflation，the weakening of trade unions，the strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy，and an emphasis on law and order.

Chapter 6 The Economy

1.What are the three periods as far as the evolution of the British economy is concerned？ The three periods of the evolution of the British economy are：steady development in the 50s and 60s，economic recession in the 70s and economic recover in the 80s.

2.What measures did the Thatcher government take to improve the nation‘s economy？ 1） Macroeconomic measures were directed towards bringing down the rate of inflation and achieving price stability.

2） Microeconomic policies were aimed at working with the grain of market forces by encouraging enterprise，efficiency and flexibility（弹性）。

3.Why is British coal mining called a “sick” industry todayf？ Today British coal mining is decling.The numbers of miners，collieries and the total output have fallen.The reasons include the exhaustion of old mines，costly extraction，poor old equipment，little money being invested，fall in demand due to imports of cleaner，cheaper and more efficient fuels.

4.Where were oil and natural gas found in Britain？How important are they to Britain‘s economy？

Oil and natural gas are found under the North Sea.Today，Britain not only self-sufficient in oil but also has a surplus for export.The transport and domestic heating systems mostly depend on oil. So does the food supply，because most agriculture is highly mechanized. 5.What are the main problems associated with Britain‘s iron and steel industry today？ Britain was the first nation to build a large iron and steel induxtry，but now many problems arise：1）Local supplies of iron ore have become exhausted；2）Old-fashioned ovens for making coke are not able to recover valuable by-products； 3）The blast furnaces，steelworks and rolling mills are often separated from eachother，which cannot perform as well as more compact operations do ； 4）Many steelworks have to be closed down，causing major unemployment in a area. 6.Where are the main textile producng regions in Britain？What are the reason behind the decline of Britain‘s textile industry？

The main textile producing regions of Britain are now the East Midlands，Yorkshire and Humberside，and Northern Ireland.

1） Exports of textiles have not competed well with those of other foreign producers who have manged to produce cheaper good.

2） There has been a rise in cheaper imports of textiles to Britain from foreign producers. 3） Poor and outdated management decisions have caused problems.

4） Substitutions of human-made fibers have been made for natural fibres such as wool，cotton，jute and linen.

5） An improvement of output per worker has been achieved，due to machanization. 7.What are new industries and where can they be found in Britain？

New industries are microprocessors and computers，biotechnology and other high-tech industries.They can be found in three areas：the area between London and South Wales；the Cambridge area of East Anglia and the area between Glasgow and Edinburgh in Scotland.The third area is the most spectacular of the three and is often called the “silicon Glen”。 8.Britain‘s agriculture is highly mechanized，Give examples to show this.

Britain‘s agriculture is highly mechanized.For example， only 3%of the population are farmers but they manage 70% of the land area.Very modern farmers use computer today. They talk about tecnological arming.The new farming has been called“agribusiness”because it is equipped and managed like an industrial business.The emphasis is upon intensive farming， designed to give the maximum output of crops and animals.

9.What are the main farming types in Britain？Where are they best suited in Britain. 1） Arable farming emphasizes crop production and occurs on the more fertile soil.the chief areas are the East and South-East. 2） Dairy farming rears cattle primarily for milk production.Western regions with moderate rainfall，mild winters and coool summers are often important dairying areas.

3） Stock farming rears livestock primarily for meat.It is the chief king of farming in the North and West of Britain.

4） Mixed farming has elements of cattle-rearing and crop-growing.it is in most of rural Britain.

5） Hill farming with sheep and cattle is found in areas with poorer soils and rougher pastures.（rocky mountain） 6） Market gardening is the growing of vegetables and fruit which can be rapidly transported to market while fresh.It is often found near large urban areas. Chapter 7 Government and Administration

1.What is a constitutional monarchy？When did it begin in Britain？

The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy：the head of State is a king or a queen.it going back to at least the 9th century.

2.What is the role of the Monarchy in the British government/

the sovereign is the symbol of the whole nation. In law，he/she is head of the executive，and integral part of the legislature，head of the judiciary，the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces of the Crown and the “supreme governor”of the established Church to England. 3.What are the main functions of Parliament？

The main functions of Parliament are：1）to pass laws；2）to provide the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation；3）to examine government policy and

administration，including proposals for expenditure；4）to debate the major issue of the day. 4.What does the Cabinet consists of ？What does the collective responsibility of Cabinet Government mean？

The Cabinet usually consists of about 20 most senior ministers who are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister.Ministers are responsible collectively to Parliament for all Cabinet decisions；individual Ministers are responsible to all Cabinet decisions；individual Ministers are responsible to Parliament for the work of their departments. 5.Who does the Privy Council consists of ？Do you think it is very powerful now？why（not）？ Its membership is about 400，and includes all Cabinet ministers，the Speaker of the House of Commons，the Archibishops of Canterbury and York，and senior British and Commonwealth statesmen.

Today its role is largely formal，advising the sovereign to approve certain government decressand issuing royal proclamations.

6.Who are the members of the House of Lords？What is the function of the House of Lords/ The house of Lords is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal.

The main function of the House of Lords is to bring the wide experience of its members into the process of lawmaking.

7.What are the two major parties in Britain？

The two major parties are the Conservative Party and the Labour Party.

8.How many constituencies are there in Britain today？How many members are there in the House of Commons？

There are 651 constituencies in Britain and 651 members in the House of Commons. 9.How often does a general election take place？

A general Election must be held every five years and is often held at more frequent intervals.

10.What are the responsibilities of the County Council and the District Council？

County councils provide large-scale services，while district councils are responsible for the more local ones. At present in England，county councils are responsible for strategic planning， transport planning， highways，traffic regulation， education， consumer protection， refuse disposal， police，the fire service， libraries and personal social services.District councils are responsible for environmental health，housing and refuse collection. Chapter 8 Justtice and the Law

1.What are the primary sources of British law？

The primary‘ sources of British law include statutes， a large amount of “unwritten”or common law，equity law and European Community law.

2.What are the common features of all systems of law in Britain？

A feature common to all systems of law is that there is no complete code. Another common feature is the distinction made between criminal law and civil law.

3.How do you divide the British courts according to the nature of cases.

The British courts can be divided into criminal courts and civil court according to the nature of cases.

4.Why do the criminal convicts like to be tried first before the magistrates‘ courts. All criminal trials are held in open courts because the crimianl law presumes the innocence of the accused until he has been proved guilty beyond reasonable doubt；every possible step is taken to deny to the prosecution any advantage over the defence. 5.What does the civil courts system do？

The civil courts system does the following jurisdiction：1）actions founded upon contract and tort；2）trust and mortgages cases；3）actions for the recovery of land；4）cases involving disputes between landlords and tenants；5）admiralty cases and patent cases；and6）divorce cases and other family matters. 6.What is the jury‘s job？

In criminal cases，the jury‘s job is to decide the issue of guilt or innocence.

7.What is the function of the High Court？How many divisions is it divided into？What does each division deal with？

The High Court deals with the more complicated civil cases.Its jurisdiction covers mainly civil and some criminal cases；it also deals with appeals from tribunals and from

magistrates‘ courts in both civil and criminal matter.The High Court has three divisions：1）The Family Division，which is concerned with family law，including adoption and wills；2）the Chancery Division，which deals with corporate and personal insolvency；disputes in the running of companies，between landlords and tenants and in intellectual property matters；and the interpretation of trusts and contested wills；and 3） the Queen’s Bench Division，which is concened with contract and tort cases，and deals with applications for judicial review. 8.How many police forces are there in the UK？

There are 43 police forces in England and Wales，8 in Scotland and one in Northern Ireland. 9.Capital Punishment for murder has been abolished in the UK.What do you think of it？ Capital Punishment for murder has been abolished in the UK but remained the penalty for treason and piracy.Proposals for its restatement are regularly debated by Parliament，for it‘s a kind of effective way to deter the potential law-breaker and be good to the social stability. 10.How different is the Metropolitan Police Force from other police forces in Greant Britain.

London‘s Metropolitan Plice Force is directly under the control of the Home Secretary，while other police forces in Great Britain is organized and controlled on a local basis under the Home Secretary and the Scottish and Northern Ireland Secretaries. Chapter 9 Social Affairs

1. What is meant by the term “welfare state” in Britain？

The welfare state is a system of government by which the state provides the economic and social security for its citizens through its organization of health services，pensions and other facilities.The system is funded out of national isurance contributions and taxation.In Britain ther term applies mainly to the National Health Service，national insurance and social security.

2.Are British people obliged to use the National Health Service. No， they are no obliged to use the NHS.

3.At what age do men and women generally retire？