ġܶʼֵԭĸH2(g)O2(g)ͨȼաȱըͿصȶ;ˮֻҪʼ̬̬ͬõ?U?HֵҲͬԼ;ͬ飬ֵȡĸ
ѧӦȵĸǺҪģաԺֻҪ漰ѧӦҪõӦȵĸ磬ڻѧӦĦʱУڻѧƽУ÷ӦGibbs淴Ӧȵı仯жϻѧ仯ķȣڻѧѧ÷Ӧ巴ӦʣԼڵ绯ѧУõ绯ѧʵ㷴ӦΪ1 molʱѧı仯ֵȣҪõӦȵĸԱջѧӦȵĸ
ñĦʺͱĦȼ㻯ѧӦĦʱʱĴDzһģҪΪʲôһϰʱͲˡ
Ҫѧѧݱڽѧϰжʮõġ ˼ο
1ж˵Ƿȷжϵݡ
1״̬״̬жֵ״̶̬״̬Ҳ̶ˡ
2״̬ı״̬һı䡣
3Ϊ?U?QV, ?H?QpQV, Qpضµ״̬
4ѧһɣΪУһϵͳҪ
5ڵѹ£ûеijеҺ壬ʹҺ¶ʱ?H?Qp?0
6ijһѧӦձнУЧӦΪQ1ʱΪ?H1ѧӦųɷӦͬĿأʹѧӦ͵طӦʼ̬̬ͬʱЧӦΪQ2ʱΪ?H2?H1??H2
𣺣1ԡΪ״̬״̬ĵֵ״̶̬е״̬жֵ֮״̬жֵ״̬Ҳͱ̶ˡ
2ԡȻ״̬ı״̬ı䣬һı䡣磬ϵͳһ¹̣ѹ״̬˸ı䣬ϵͳ״̬ԭIJͬ¶״̬ûиı䡣
3ԡѧUH״̬?U?H ״̬ıQVQpض״̬ıȣQVQp״̬
4ԡϵͳԽѧϵͳ̡ǣϵͳ¶Ȼ½
5ԡΪϵͳле裬˻еʱWf?0Բ?H?Qpʹʹ?H?QpʽѹWf?0һҲ١
6ԡΪH״ֻ̬ҪӦʼ̬̬ͬʱֵҲͬ뷴Ӧе;أ״̬ʣ;ͬ飬ֵȡǣ̵ЧӦDzȵģQ1?Q2
2ش⣬˵ԭ
1ȻЧߣͬǰ£ÿȻȥǣܷʹٶȼӿ죿
2ZnᷢӦֱڳںܱյнУһŵȸһЩ
3һõȲƳɵԲͲУװѹԲͲе¶뻷ƽ⡣ͻȻͲǣʹѹʱͲǡһͲѹкα仯
4װдĺϳɰӦУN2(g)H2(g)ʵ֮Ϊ
1:3ӦʽΪN2(g)?3H2(g)2NH3(g)ֱ¶ΪT1T2
£ʵⶨųӦΪQp(T1)Qp(T2)Kirchhoffɼʱ
?rHm(T2)??rHm(T)1??T2T1 T?pCrdʵֵԽԭ 𣺣1ȻЧߣǿһḶ́ÿһӽƽ̬ԣÿȻȥǣʱǿƶġԣ湦ùȻЧʽܴﵽЧʣʹʵʲȻЧʾĿ꿿£ʵʹõȻDzġ
2ȻܱյнʱŵȸһЩΪڷӦʵͬʱ仯ѧһֵܱнʱѧȫΪܣųܾͶࡣڳнʱһֻѧ˷ѹµһֱΪܷųųܾ١
3ͲѹΪѹʱͲڵԳڳٶȺܿ죬Ͳӻȣ൱Ǹȹ̣Ͳ¶Ȼ½ͲֹһͲͨȱڣӻʹ¶뻷ƽ⣬ʱͲڵѹӡ
4KirchhoffʽǷӦȵ1 molʱĵѹЧӦĦӦʱ䡣ʵⶨǷӦƽʱĵѹЧӦںϳɰӦƽ
תʱȽϵֻͣ25%ңʵⶨֵۼĽСӦʹɲ뻯ѧ̵ͬʵֵֵӦǵͬġ
3ľȿ;Ȳ̵ĹùʽW?CV?T㣬ֹĹǷһ?
𣺵ȻһΪͬһʼ̬ȿȲ̲ܵͬһ̬̬¶Ȳͬ?TͬĹҲͬͨȿĹֵǴڲĹ
4ָ3ʽ
1?H?Qp 2?U?QV 3W?nRTlnV1 V2𣺣1ʽڲWf?0ĵѹ̣dp?0
2ʽڲWf?0ĵݹ̣dV?0 3ʽ岻Wf?0ĵ¿̡ 5ѧĻжйУWQ?U?Hķţ
>0<0?0һɵѧʾʽΪ ?U?Q?W
1
2 van der Waalsĵݡ¹
3 Ӧ Zn(s)?2HCl(aq)?ZnCl2(aq)?H2(g)ڷǾȡѹ½
4 ӦH2(g)?Cl2(g)?2HCl(g)ھȸƿн 5 273.15 K101.325kPa£ˮɱ 𣺣1W = 0 ΪͣѹΪ㡣
Q = 0 ֮СԺԲƣӼܲûб仯ܱ¶Ȳ䣬Բشӻȡ ?U = 0 Ϊ¶Ȳ䣬ѧܽ¶ȵĺ
ΪW = 0Q = 0?U = 0
?H = 0 Ϊ¶Ȳ䣬Ҳ¶ȵĺ
ΪH?U?pV?U = 0?(pV)??(nRT)?0?H = 0 2W = 0 Ϊǵݹ̣Ϊ㡣 Q ? 0 ¶ߣϵͳȡ
?U ? 0 ϵͳӻȣʹϵͳѧӡ
?H ? 0 ʵĶʽ?H??U??(pV)??U?V?p>0 3W ? 0 ӦųҪϵͳѹ䣬ųƶ˷ѹԻ
Q ? 0 ӦǷȷӦ
?U ? 0 ϵͳȷֶʹѧ½ ?H ? 0 ΪDzĵѹӦ?H = Qp 4W = 0 ڸУеǺݷӦ Q = 0 ΪõǾȸƿ
?U = 0 ѧһɣغ㣬ѧܲ䡣ԺڲǷ£ֻҪھȸзκα仯Q?UW㣬ȸ൱һϵͳ
?H ? 0 ΪھȸƿзķȷӦûб仯ƿڵ¶ȻߣѹҲߣʵĶʽжֵӵġ
?H??U?(?pV) ?H??U?(?pV)?V? p > ? p ?nR? T > ? T 0>,?H 0>,? H 5W ? 0 ̵¶ˮɱϵͳ˷ѹԻ
Q ? 0 ˮɱǷȹ̡
?U ? 0 ϵͳȷֶѧ½ ?H ? 0 Ϊǵѹ䣬?H = Qp
6ͬ¶Ⱥѹ£һֲͬ;ˮ(1)ȼգ(2)Ӧ(3)ȱը(4)ȼϵءзӦУַӦʽʼֱ̬̬ͬ仯;ѧ