1 I can’t even say two words in Chinese, so I definitely can’t speak the language.

I can’t even say two words in Chinese, much less speak the language. 2 Basic study skills are often not taught here, and certainly not practised.

Basic study skills are often not taught here, much less practised. 3 Nobody has even started the essay, let alone finished it. Nobody has even started the essay, much less finished it.

4 Hardly anyone in the room heard what the lecturer was saying, and so of course they didn’t understand him.

Hardly anyone in the room heard what the lecturer was saying, much less understand him.

5 I haven’t got a PC in my room, so obviously I haven’t got an Internet connection.

I haven’t got a PC in my room, much less an Internet connection. 6 I didn’t dare say anything after the lesson, let alone criticize what he said.

I didn’t dare say anything after the lesson, much less criticize what he said.

while / when + participle 5 Rewrite the sentences.

1 When you choose a course, think about the amount of study it will require.

When choosing a course, you may think about the amount of study it will require.

2 When you are writing an essay, you should keep in mind the main theme.

When writing an essay, you should keep in mind the main theme. 3 Always keep a record of your sources when you do research on the Internet.

Always keep a record of your sources when doing research on the Internet.

4 Our lecturer uses PowerPoint while he is explaining basic concepts. Our lecturer uses PowerPoint while explaining basic concepts. 5 I had a brilliant idea while I was sitting in the library this morning.

I had a brilliant idea while sitting in the library this morning.

subject-verb inversion

6 Rewrite the sentences using if.

1 Had I known what this week’s lecture was about, I wouldn’t have gone.

If I had known what this week’s lecture was about, I wouldn’t have gone.

2 I would have corrected the work had I noticed the mistake. I would have corrected the work, if I had noticed the mistake. 3 Had you thought about this a little earlier, you wouldn’t be in trouble now.

If I had thought about this a little earlier, you wouldn’t be in trouble now.

4 Had he shared his ideas with us, we would have made some progress. If he had shared his ideas with us, we would have made some progress. 5 They would have improved the facilities had they received more money from the government.

They would have improved the facilities, if they had received more money from the government.

7 Complete the sentences about yourself using the inversion structure Had I + verb.

1 I would have enjoyed myself more had I had a higher university entrance exam score for studying in the computer science subject. 2 Had I known this football match, I would have made different arrangements for the weekend.

3 I wouldn’t have worked so hard had I known the exam was so easy. 4 Had I received this college’s information earlier, I would have gone to a different college.

8 Translate the sentences into Chinese.

1 When was the last organizational vision statement you saw that included the words “… to develop ourselves into a model environment in which everyone at every level can think for themselves”? (? 注意 can 的译法，在上下文中，这个字不指“能”，而是指“可以”。) “……在我们周围逐渐培育出一个可供人们效仿的环境，使各个层次的人都有独立思考的空间。”你

上一次看到包含上述字眼的机构前景展望报告是在什么时候？

2 Had she affirmed our intelligence first and spoken about the joy of thinking for ourselves, had she not fanned our fear of her, we would all have learned even more powerfully what it meant to do our thinking. And we might have been able to think well around her too. (? 抽象词翻译：learned even

more powerfully 的直译是“更强有力地学到”，不太好懂，最好意译。) 要是她一开始就肯定我们的聪明才智，给我们讲讲独立思考的乐趣，要是她没有激起我们对她的恐 惧，我们大家就能更深切地体会到独立思考的意义；而且，即便她在场，我们也会更好地开动脑筋思考问题。

3 Like everyone else, students have their fair share of problems. Getting to know a new environment, forming relationships with other students, and surviving on limited financial resources are all typical problems.

和其他人一样，学生们也有他们自己必须面对的问题。典型的问题包括熟悉

新环境、与其他同学相

处、以及靠有限的经济来源生活。

4 Talk to some of your friends after a lecture or a tutorial and you will probably find they remember

different things about it – which may be more or less relevant to the teacher’s aims. 下课后或是听过一次个别指导后，如果你和朋友们聊一聊，你可能会发现他们所记住的东西不尽相 同，但或多或少都与老师的教学目的相关。

5 Effective reading requires you to vary your rate and style of reading according both to the type of reading material and your purpose in reading it.

有效的阅读需要你根据不同的阅读材料和阅读目的来变换阅读的速度和方式。

9 Translate the sentences into English.

1 老师很有可能不欣赏不会独立思考的学生。(not think much of …; think for oneself)

It is most likely that a teacher won’t think much of a student who cannot think for himself.

2 他上中学的时候，几乎没有什么人被鼓励去做科学实验，更谈不上接受这方面的训练了。(hardly; much less)

When he was in high school, hardly anyone had been encouraged, much less trained, to do scientific experiments.

3 嫉妒是由懒惰和无知造成的。(the result of …) Envy is the result of laziness and ignorance.

4 有些大学生是根据自己的专业来选择志愿服务的，而不是碰到什么就做什么。(volunteer job; rather than)

Rather than picking any volunteer job, some college students choose activities based on their majors.

5 最好的办法就是把学生分成若干小组，让他们针对具体的问题进行讨论。(break up … into …; focus on) The best approach is to break the students up into several groups so that they can focus their discussion on specific problems. UNIT4

Active reading (2)

Dealing with unfamiliar words:

4 Match the words in the box with their definitions.

1 the distance from one side of an object to the other (breadth) 2 a hit or knock to a part of your body (bump)

3 slightly nervous, worried, or upset about something (uneasy) 4 strange and unusual, sometimes in a way that upsets you (weird) 5 thinking seriously about something (thoughtful)

6 a feeling that you do not understand something or cannot decide what to do (confusion)

7 the attitude of someone who is willing to accept someone else’s beliefs, way of life etc without criticizing them even if they disagree with them (tolerance)

8 the ability to notice things (awareness)

9 to include something as a necessary part of an activity, event or situation (involve)

5 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words in the box.

When you meet people from other cultures, there will be many (1) times when somebody behaves in a way which you (2) notice as being unusual, but which is (3) acceptable in their culture. If it (4) attracts your (5) attention, it’s all right to (6) ask about cultural