专题一 有提示词填空 第一讲 词性转换
高考命题综述:
基于语篇的语法填空题,经过2015年的微调,在2017年继续得以运用。即在一篇200词左右的语篇中留出10个空白,部分空白的后面给出应填入单词的基本形式,要求考生根据上下文填写空白处所需的内容或所提供单词的正确形式。新题型从语篇层次考查语法,更加注重考查考生的精细阅读能力和准确运用语法的能力。
[考情分析]——定位考点·明确训练方向
通过以上表格可以将语法填空的考情归纳为以下几点: 1.语法考查面广
语法填空考查考生对词法、句法及语法知识的掌握情况,涉及了《考试说明》中大部分的语法知识,如:词性转换、名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、冠词、介词、连词及特殊句式等语法项目。
2.重点内容突出
从命题的趋势上来说,尽管考点覆盖面广,但并非苛求于这一点,而是对一些重要的语法项目进行重点考查,如:动词和名词以及形容词、副词等实义词依然是考查中的重中之重。并且定语从句也是热点考项。
3.命题形式多样
语法填空题分为有提示词和无提示词两种。即:根据所提供的单词填写其正确的形式为给出提示词的考查;要求考生根据上下文填写空白处所需的内容为无提示词考查。
[解题流程]
根据以上考情分析可以明显看出,语法填空并非单纯考查语法,这就要求考生不但要掌握基础语法知识而且要能在特定的语境下正确运用语法知识,其解题流程如下:
[得分关键]——强化策略·提升得分能力 (1)扎实的基础语法知识 (2)良好的解题习惯
①从整句及空格的位置功能判断考点; ②相关考点的解题思路要形成知识体系; ③代入答案,从整体判断答案的合理性。
为提高学生的解题能力和正确率,下面对基础语法知识及其在语法填空题中的运用技巧进行系统地讲解。
第一讲 词性转换
◆ Part Ⅰ 真题变式体验
1.[2017·北京高考]The little problems that we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great ________ (invent).
答案:inventions 前面great是形容词,作定语修饰后面的名词。且invention为可数名词,空前无冠词,故应用复数形式表泛指。句意:我们在日常生活中遇到的小问题可能就会激励我们做出大发明。
2.[2017·江苏高考]The publication of Great Expectations, which was both widely
reviewed and highly praised, strengthened Dickens' status as a ________ (lead) novelist.
答案:leading 修饰后面的名词,作定语,使用形容词形式,leading “最重要的;一流的”。句意:《远大前程》受到了广泛的评论和高度赞扬,它的出版,巩固了狄更斯作为最杰出小说家的地位。
3.[2017·天津高考]The hospital has recently obtained new ________ (medicine) equipment, allowing more patients to be treated.
答案:medical 修饰后面的名词equipment,使用形容词作定语,故答案为medical。句意:最近这家医院已经获得了新的医疗设备,让更多的病人能得到治疗。
4.[2017·北京高考]The national park has a large ________ (collect) of wildlife, ranging from butterflies to elephants.
答案:collection 前面的冠词a和形容词修饰后面的名词,故答案为collection。句意:国家公园有一大批野生动物,从蝴蝶到大象都有。
5.[2017·江苏高考]The disappearance of dinosaurs is not ________ (necessary) caused by astronomical incidents. But alternative explanations are hard to find.
答案:necessarily 设空处作状语修饰后面的动词,故答案为necessarily。句意:恐龙的消失不一定是由天文学事件导致的。但是其他的解释也很难找到。
6.[2015·浙江高考]One of the most effective ways to reduce ________ (stressful) is to talk about feelings with someone you trust.
答案:stress 此处位于动词reduce后作宾语,故用名词形式。句意:减轻压力最有效的方法之一就是与你信任的人谈谈感受。
7.[2016·江苏高考]—Can you tell us your recipe for ________ (happy) and a long life?
—Living every day to the full, definitely.
答案:happiness 介词后面需用名词作宾语,故此处填happiness。句意:——你能告诉我们你保持幸福长寿的秘诀吗?——确切来说,就是每天活到最充实。
8.[2015·湖北高考]It was ________(consider) of Michael to inform us of his delay in case we got worried.
答案:considerate 根据空格的位置在系动词之后可以判断,应填consider的形容词considerate “体贴的,考虑周到的”。句意:Michael很体贴,他通知了我们他耽搁了以免我们感到担心。
9.[2015·湖北高考]The girl used to be shy, but is________ (gradual) getting active in group work and is more willing to express herself.
答案:gradually 此处修饰的是动词,且位于系动词之后,实义动词前,故填副词,意为“逐渐地”。句意:这个女孩过去很害羞。但是渐渐地在团队工作中变得积极并且更愿意表达她自己了。
10.[2015·江苏高考]Some schools will have to make ________(adjust) in agreement with the national soccer reform.
答案:adjustments 句意:为了与国家足球改革一致,一些学校必须做出相应调整。结合句意可知,应填名词adjustments作make的宾语,意为“做一些调整”。
◆ Part Ⅱ 语篇真题演练
阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
[2017·全国卷Ⅱ]In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible __61__ (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and __62__ work. It took three years to complete and was built using an interesting method. This included digging up the road, __63__ (lay) the track and then building a strong roof over __64__ top. When all those had been done, the road surface was replaced.
Steam engines __65__ (use) to pull the carriages and it must have been __66__ (fair) unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise. However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using __67__ every day.
Later, engineers __68__ (manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels (隧道), which became known as the Tube. This development was only possible with the __69__ (introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts. The Central London Railway was one of the most __70__ (success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900. It had white-painted tunnels and bright red carriages, and proved extremely popular with the public.
61.________ 62.________ 63.________ 64.________ 65.________ 66.________ 67.________ 68.________ 69.________ 70.________ Step 1:通读全文,掌握主旨大意。
本文是一篇说明文。讲述的是1863年世界上第一条地铁在伦敦建成,使用的是蒸汽机牵引列车,后来随着电力机车和电梯的采用,地铁越来越受人们欢迎了。
Step 2:逐题解答,确定答案。
61.crowds 考查名词的复数。根据前面的terrible可知,此处应填名词,且crowd为可数名词,其前没有限定词,故要用复数形式。
62.from 考查介词。固定短语travel to and from work “上下班”。
63.laying 考查非谓语动词。根据句子结构可知,谓语动词included后有三个并列宾语,故此处要用动词的-ing形式作宾语。
64.the 考查冠词。此处特指在地铁的顶部,故要用定冠词the。
65.were_used 考查动词的时态和语态。此处描述的是伦敦的第一条地铁的情况,故用一般过去时,且主语steam engines与谓语动词use之间为被动关系,故要用were used。
66.fairly 考查词性转换。修饰形容词unpleasant要用副词形式,作状语。fairly “相当地”。
67.it 考查代词。在六个月内超过25,000人每天都在使用它。此处指代的是前面的the railway,故要用it。
68.managed 考查动词的时态。根据时间状语later和后面的became known可知,此处要用一般过去时。
69.introduction 考查词性转换。根据前面的with the和后面的介词of可知,此处要用名词形式。introduction “引进,采用”。
70.successful 考查词性转换。“one of the+形容词最高级+of these+可数名词复数”表示“这些……中最……的之一”。根据前面的one of the most可知,此处要用形容词形式。
Step 3:代入验证。
需保证语法结构正确且语义符合逻辑,这样才能确保万无一失。
(1)动词转换为名词;(2)名词与形容词的知识 清单 转换; (3)形容词转换为副词;(4)形容词与动词的转换;(5)否定前缀与后缀。 考点1 动词转换为名词 动词变名词常用的后缀
学情 分析 (1)考生不能熟练掌握和运用基本的词性转换规则;(2)不清楚各词性在句子中的基本功能,缺乏语言功能意识。