谢孟媛英文初级文法 第 1集 笔记
Unit1 名词
名词的功用:当主语,补语,宾语 1. 名词的种类 (单数/复数) 例: I like dogs. 我喜欢狗。
普通名词:book / pencil/ dog/ spaceship宇宙飞船 集合名词:class / family/ audience 听众
例1. My family is large. 我家是一个大家庭。
2. My family are all early risers. 我家人都起的很早.
专用名词:Bob/ Smith/ April/ London. 专用名词前不能加冠词,不加s 下面的专用名词需要加上定冠词
例: The United States 美国 The United Nations .联合国 物质名词: glass/ wood/ paper/ butter/ fruit 数字 + 容器(度量衡)+ of + 物质名词
例: a loaf of bread 一片面包 loaves of bread 很多面包 a cup of coffee 一杯咖啡
a sheet of paper. 一张纸 two sheets of paper两张纸 a spoonful of sugar 一勺糖
抽象名词:beauty美丽 / honesty诚实/ love爱/ patience 耐心/ happiness 幸福/ music 音乐 2. 名词的数 ---- 单数:个数为1 复数:个数为2及以上 规则变化的复数名词 名词字尾+s ,大部分名词
例: dog---dogs book ---books girl ---- girls
名词字尾为s/sh/ch/x/o 复数名词+ es 如: classes, buses, dishes, benches, boxes, dishes 注意名词字尾为子音+o, 复数名词+es 如 tomatoes 但是也有例外的 如 photo---- photos Piano----pianos 名词字尾为子音+y, 复数名词要去y + ies
如 baby-babies story---stories city---cities lady----ladies 名词字尾为f 或fe 去 f/fe + ves
如: leaf叶 ---- leaves knife ---- knives wife ---- wives 也有例外: handkerchiefs 手帕 chiefs 首领,领袖 roofs 屋顶 不规则变化的复数名词
名词字尾 加 en / ren 如 Ox ---oxen , child----- children
改变母音,如: man---men / woman --- women / goose----geese 鹅 / tooth---teeth / mouse---mice
单复数同形, 如: fish , deer, sheep chineses japanese one fish / two fish
a kind of fish 一种鱼 two kinds of fishes 两种鱼 3. 名词的所有格
形成 :单数名词 == 名词’s 例: the boy’s schoolbag / Joan’s dress
复数名词 == 名词s’ 例: a girls’ school / these students’ teacher 字尾非s 的复数名词 == 名词’s 例如 children’s playground操场
特别注意的所有格用法 : 共同所有格及个别所有格
共同所有格 ---- 名词+ 名词 +名词’s
个别所有格 ---- 名词’s + 名词’s + 名词’s
例1. Harry and Bill’s father is a scientist. Harry 和Bill 的爸爸是个科学家。
例2. Harry’s and Bill’s fathers are scientists. Harry 的爸爸和Bill 的爸爸是科学家. (无)生物所有格: A 的 B = B of A
如: 桌子的脚 the legs of the table 车门 the door of the car 女孩子的名字 the girl’s name = the name of the girl 所有格之后的名词如在句中非常容易理解时可以省略。
例1. She’s going to the dentist’s (office). 她要去看牙医。(office可以省略, dentist’s office牙医诊所)
例2. I met him at the barber’s(shop)我在理发店遇见他。(shop可以省略, barber’s shop 理发店)
例3. We like to eat lunch at McDonald’s (restaurant) 我们在麦当劳吃午餐。 4. 冠词
不定冠词(没有限定,表数量为一): a / an
定冠the, 它通常放在名词前/形容词+名词前用来修饰名词。 a/ an 的用法
子音开头的单数用 a
母音开头的单数用 an (元音有5个,分别是a e i o u) 如 a book a girl a young a man an apple/ an umbrella/ an old woman a/ an 的发音
I read a novel, 我读一本小说
I read a novel, not two. (这里a发音
例: Please shut the door. 请把那扇门关上 (特指一定要加the ) The+形容词,常表示一群人
The rich aren’t always happy. 富人并不总是快乐的。 The rich有钱人 the old 老人 the young 年轻人 Until 2 be动词 一般动词的现在时
1. be 动词的现在时am are is / 表状态,存在 例:1. We are happy.
2. She is in America. 主语 + be 动词
第一人称 I+am 例: I am a boy.
第二人称 you they 复数名词+are 例: You are my son. 你们是我的儿子。 第三人称的单数+ is 例: He is my student. Be 动词的否定句 ------- am/ are / is + not
He is not a good baseball player. = He isn’t a good baseball player. Be动词的疑问句 ----- 肯定句: 主语 + am/ are /is ..
疑问句: am / are / is + 主语…?
例: That is his camera. 肯定句
Is that his camera? 疑问句
The girl is a junior high school student. 这个女孩是中学生。 Senior high school. 高中生 (肯定句)
Is the girl a junior high school student? 疑问句 Be 动词开头的疑问句可用yes 或 no 回答
Is that man your math teacher? 那个男人是你的说学老师吗? Yes,he is. / No, he isn’t. Are you eating your lunch? 你吃中午饭了吗? Yes, I am. / No, I’m not. 主语+ 一般动词------现在时中主语为第三人称单数时:一般动词+s 或es 例: I like dogs. / We like dogs. You like dogs. / You like dogs. He likes dogs. 第三人称单数+s
一般动词加s或es的方法
1. 大部分动词加s ------- 如: works, plays
A. 一般动词字尾为o .s .sh. ch. 时, + es-------如: goes/ washes/ watches B. 一般动词字尾音为y 时, 去y+ ies --------如: cry---cries/ study---studies have 和has --------have (有/吃的意思)单数动词为has 例1. They have a lot of money. 他们有很多钱。
例2. He has a lot of money. 他有很多钱.。 第三人称单数用has
一般动词的否定句 ---- 不可在一般动词后加 not 必须用助动词 do / does Do 用于主语为 I / you / 复数 Does 用于主语为第三人称单数
否定句主语+ do/ does + not + 原形动词
例1. The twin brothers go to school by bus.这对双胞胎是乘公交车上学的。
否定: The twin brothers do not go to school by bus. (do not 可缩写成 don’t, 后接动词原形)
2. Sam has dinner at the restaurant. Sam 在那家餐厅吃晚餐。 否定:Sam doesn't have dinner at the restaurant. 比较 ---- 否定句
be动词, 肯定句:He is my boyfriend. 否定句:He isn't my boyfriend. 一般动词,肯定句:He likes dogs.
否定句:He doesn’t like dogs.
一般动词的疑问句 --- 不能将一般动词放在主语前,必须用助动词do/ does 疑问句: Do / Does + 主语 +原形动词 例1. You visit your grandmother on Sunday.
疑问句:Do you visit your grandmother on Sunday? 你每逢星期天去看你的外婆吗 例2. He comes from England.
疑问句: Does he come from England? 他是来自英国吗?
助动词do/ does 开头的疑问句回答用yes/no之后用do/ does 回答 例: Does the little boy go to school? 这个小男孩已经上学了吗? Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t. 比较 ---- 疑问句
be动词, 肯定句: She is beautiful. 疑问句: Is she beautiful? 一般动词,肯定句: She loves tennis.
疑问句: Does she love tennis? Unilt 3 be 动词/一般动词的过去式 1. be 动词的过去式 was / were am/ is=was are=were
过去式的be 动词,表示过去时间中发生的状态 例1. 现在式 He is busy now.
例2. 过去式 He was busy then. 那时他很忙。 时间副词改变,动词也必须改变
例1.现在式 My parents are at home now. 我的父母现在在家。 例2.过去式My parents were at home yesterday. 我的父母昨天在家 Be动词(过去式)的否定句 ---- 主语+ was / were +not 例1. 肯定句: Mr. Brown was a vet.
否定句: Mr. Brown wasn’t a vet. vet兽医 例2. 肯定句:Joe and Brian were in the living room at that time.
否定句: Joe and Brian weren’t in the living room at that time. Be动词(过去式)的疑问句 Was / Were + 主语…?
例 1. Wendy was in the seventh grade last year. Wendy去年就读7年级。 疑问句: Was Wendy in the seventh grade last year?
答句: Yes, 主语+was/were 现在进行式am/are/is+ Ving
No, 主语+was/were not 过去进行式was/were+ Ving
例 2. Were you a pianist? piano 钢琴 pianist钢琴家 Yes, I was. / No. I wasn’t
2. 一般动词的过去式 ---- 规则变化/ 不规则变化 规则变化---- ed d ied
原形动词字尾+ed 如:helped spelled wanted needed worked ed的发音t/d, 字尾是t+ed念ed
原形动词字尾有e+d 如:love----loved dance------danced 字尾是d+ed念ed
原形动词为子音+短母音+子音, 重复字尾+ed 如 stopped planned (计划) 原形动词为子音有y, 去y +ied 如: study—studied cry—cried 现在式:原形动词为子音有y去y 加ies
形容词比较级:原形动词为子音有y去y加ier形成比较级 happy--- happier
不规则变化 如: eat --- ate / read ---- read 写法一样 读音不同 / write --- wrote / ride --- rode
come --- came / have --- had / see --- saw seesaw跷跷板 / go ---- went / teach --- taught give --- gave / take --- took gh一起在词中间,不发音
现在式: I walk to school every day. 过去式: I walked to school yesterday. 动词随着时间改变形态(时态)
Mother goes to a supermarket every morning .妈妈每天早上去超市。
过去式: Mother went to a supermarket yesterday morning .妈妈昨天早上去超市了。 主语为第三人称单数过去式动词不需加s. 过去式是不分人称的…
一般动词(过去式)的否定句 ----- 需用助动词 Did 不分人称与单复数,都是did (现在式Do/Does)
肯定句: 主语 + 一般动词过去式 否定句: 主语 + did not + 动词原形
例 1. He called you last night 他昨天打给你电话了
否定: He didin’t call you last night. 他昨天没有给你打电话。
例 2. My sister and I watched TV all day yesterday .我的姐姐和我昨天一整天都在看电视。 否定: My sister and I didn’t watch TV all day yesterday 我和我的姐姐昨天并非一整天都在看电视。
not all 并非全部
比较: 否定句 (过去式)
Be 动词 ---- She was at home. She wasn’t at home. 一般动词 ---- She studied English. She didn’t study English. 一般动词的疑问句 (过去式) 肯定句:主语+ 一般动词过去式
疑问句: Did +主语 + 一般动词原形…?