thrift of excellent traditional and style lack deep of understanding, one-sided think in now of good situation Xia, economic smooth more fast development, and reform made major progress, and people living significantly improve, and social the career made new progress, no necessary always hard has, no awareness to China also has many poverty area, and also has many poverty population of exists, more living improve has, more need keep hard of style. Three is not strictly honest. otal thought units is a water sector, clean self-discipline away from himself too far, no real processing good living of improve and hard, and thrift excellent traditional of relationship, no effective do comply with Constitution and party of regulations must from I do up, no right mercy good bitter Le, and wealth of relationship, no right awareness to in comply with Constitution and party of regulations aspects everyone has accountability. Four, future direction and improvement measures 1, belief and faith, strengthen party spirit. One is to firmly establish the noble ideals of struggle for the ideals of communism, communist struggle for life, ready to sacrifice everything for the party and the people. Second is to continuously improve the quality and standard of political, conscientiously study Deng Xiaoping theory and \presents\hought and the scientific Outlook on development, implement the party's basic program for the primary stage of socialism, adhere to the correct political orientation, maintain highly consistent with the CPC Central Committee, is good at theories of socialism with Chinese characteristics to analyze and solve problems. Third, strengthening the party spirit and the world transformation, perseverance of the party Constitution, relive Party vows to establish correct world Outlook, Outlook on life and the world, practically embodies ideals and beliefs into action, combine lofty ideals and practical activities, transforming the objective world, actively participate in the great practice of building socialism with Chinese characteristics. 2, keep the purpose in concept, changing the style of work. First, keep in mind that the purpose of serving, adhere to assuming power for the people, keep in mind the people and care about people, and the joys and sorrows of the masses, ...According to city discipline, and municipal organization Department requirements, today we held \ementation independent Commission against corruption guidelines effective strengthening led cadres style construction\c democratic life, main task is close contact thought, and work actual, control check district Standing Committee team and the personal in implementation independent Commission against corruption guidelines Shang exists of problem, in-depth carried out criticism and self-critical, further clear rectification direction and measures, effective enhanced clean politics of consciousness and initiative, firm set good of ruling image. Before the meeting, the way we take surveys solicited a views, combed, related to team building2012年中级经济师考试人力资源专业学习笔记第一
章(1)
本文为2012年中级经济师考试人力资源管理专业知识与实务第一部分组织行为学第一章组织激励第一节需要、动机与激励的学习笔记，希望本文能够帮助您更好的全面学习2012年经济师考试的相关重点!!
第一部分 组织行为学
简单地说，组织行为学是管理学与心理学的结合。
一方面，人力资源管理是管理学的一个分支，因此管理学的很多知识在人力资源管理中照样适用。
另一方面，人力资源管理的对象是人，而心理学研究的对象就是人。因此心理学的许多理论对于人力资源管理是十分有用的。
所以人力资源管理的重要理论基础就是心理学与管理学的结合，即组织行为学。
第一章 组织激励 第一节 需要、动机与激励
员工的能力和天赋不能直接决定其对组织的价值，要发挥出来才能为组织带来益处，因此能力和天赋的发挥取决于动机水平的高低。
管理的深处是激励，激起员工的工作动机，是一项重要的管理工作。而激励员工得了解需要和动机的概念。
一、需要与动机 1.需要的概念
需要是指(人们)缺乏或期待某种结果从而产生的心理状态，包括对食物、水、空气等的物质需要，以及对归属、爱等的社会需要。
2.动机的概念
roject work, cadres, cadres selection and other aspects of a total of 19, further defined the direction of rectification, enhancing the pertinence and effectiveness of democratic life. Good for this meeting, we requested the Standing Committee of the municipal party Committee, municipal Secretary General Tang Wenjin, the City Commission for discipline inspection Standing Committee Yng Xu, Jiang Jixue, Deputy Director of the personnel office, and other leading comrades present guidance allows us to warm applause for their welcome and thanks! BelowI first District Committee member of the 20XX team annual democratic meeting implementation of the corrective measures, as well as member of the team and of my own report guidelines for the implementation of the independent Commission against corruption statement invited leaders and comrades criticism. First, annual party on the 20XX team, Member of democratic life action plan implementation year 20XX, district democratic meeting a member of the team on \ce the scientific Outlook on development\, find a project supporting strong enough, the industry well enough, urban construction management level needs to be improved, livelihood improvement needs to be strengthened, district team itself, such as the five aspects. ear of 20XX, we find out the problems mentioned above, based on actual Shunqing construction and development, conscientiously sum up improvements, achieving significant development results and effectiveness of their work. (A) highlight the project handle, maintain high growth of investment. Adhere to the strategy as a Foundation, carrying out projects to promote increased stamina important. One is to increase the intensity of projects towards. Actively seek national and provincial policy support, superior special transfer payments, a variety of additional income will top 700 million Yuan, a number of key infrastructure projects, livelihood projects, industrial projects into the cage. Second, increasing the project attracts. This year a total of 23 signed a major project, of which 14 billion project, China Metallurgical group, vanke group, Guangdong hengda group, Taiwan Ruentex group, on the RI group, Shenzhen Kaisa, jifeng agricultural machinery, Mercedes-Benz, Audi 4S store and other large enterprises and projects have settled in Shunqing. Third, strengthen project construction. Annual implementation focus project 39 a, fixed assets investment total will breakthrough 12 billion yuan, created district yilai history high, South door dam, and five in shop old city transformation, and Ying China industrial concentrated district construction, and city main road construction, and Northeast steam Trade Center, and modern farmers industry Park, and vocational education city, and low rental, and also room construction, and features blocks build, and farmers market transformation, and \on\engineering speed up implementation, effectiveness obviously. Expected to be achieved this year, area-wide GDP 17 billion thrift of excellent traditional and style lack deep of understanding, one-sided think in now of good situation Xia, economic smooth more fast development, and reform made major progress, and people living significantly improve, and social the career made new progress, no necessary always hard has, no awareness to China also has many poverty area, and also has many poverty population of exists, more living improve has, more need keep hard of style. Three is not strictly honest. otal thought units is a water sector, clean self-discipline away from himself too far, no real processing good living of improve and hard, and thrift excellent traditional of relationship, no effective do comply with Constitution and party of regulations must from I do up, no right mercy good bitter Le, and wealth of relationship, no right awareness to in comply with Constitution and party of regulations aspects everyone has accountability. Four, future direction and improvement measures 1, belief and faith, strengthen party spirit. One is to firmly establish the noble ideals of struggle for the ideals of communism, communist struggle for life, ready to sacrifice everything for the party and the people. Second is to continuously improve the quality and standard of political, conscientiously study Deng Xiaoping theory and \presents\hought and the scientific Outlook on development, implement the party's basic program for the primary stage of socialism, adhere to the correct political orientation, maintain highly consistent with the CPC Central Committee, is good at theories of socialism with Chinese characteristics to analyze and solve problems. Third, strengthening the party spirit and the world transformation, perseverance of the party Constitution, relive Party vows to establish correct world Outlook, Outlook on life and the world, practically embodies ideals and beliefs into action, combine lofty ideals and practical activities, transforming the objective world, actively participate in the great practice of building socialism with Chinese characteristics. 2, keep the purpose in concept, changing the style of work. First, keep in mind that the purpose of serving, adhere to assuming power for the people, keep in mind the people and care about people, and the joys and sorrows of the masses, ... According to city discipline, and municipal organization Department requirements, today we held \ementation independent Commission against corruption guidelines effective strengthening led cadres style construction\c democratic life, main task is close contact thought, and work actual, control check district Standing Committee team and the personal in implementation independent Commission against corruption guidelines Shang exists of problem, in-depth carried out criticism and self-critical, further clear rectification direction and measures, effective enhanced clean politics of consciousness and initiative, firm set good of ruling image. Before the meeting, the way we take surveys solicited a views, combed, related to team building动机是指人们从事某种活动、为某一目标付出努力的意愿。这种意愿取决于目标能否实现以及多大程度上能满足人的需要。
一般情况下，动机具有三个要素：
1)决定人行为的方向，即选择做出什么样的行为; 2)努力的水平，即努力程度;
3)坚持的水平，即遇到阻碍时付出多大努力坚持自己的行为。 3.动机的分类
1)内源性动机(内在动机)是指人做出某种行为的意愿来自行为本身，因为这种行为可以带来成就感，或者个体认为这种行为是有价值的。所以，出于内源性动机的员工看重的是工作本身，或者是工作过程。例如挑战性的工作，获取为工作多做贡献的机会，或者实现个人潜力的机会。
2)外源性动机(外在动机)是指人为了获得物质或社会报酬，或为了避免惩罚而完成的某种行为，完成某种行为是为了行为的结果，而不是行为的本身。出于外源性动机的员工看重的是工作带来的报偿，例如工资、奖金、表扬、社会地位等。
二、激励及其类型 1.激励的概念
激励就是通过满足员工的需要而使其努力工作，从而实现组织目标的过程。 2.激励方式的分类
从激励内容的角度：物质激励、精神激励 从激励作用的角度：正向激励、负向激励 从激励对象的角度：他人激励、自我激励
第二节 激励理论
一、需要层次理论
创始人：美国心理学家马斯洛
roject work, cadres, cadres selection and other aspects of a total of 19, further defined the direction of rectification, enhancing the pertinence and effectiveness of democratic life. Good for this meeting, we requested the Standing Committee of the municipal party Committee, municipal Secretary General Tang Wenjin, the City Commission for discipline inspection Standing Committee Yng Xu, Jiang Jixue, Deputy Director of the personnel office, and other leading comrades present guidance allows us to warm applause for their welcome and thanks! BelowI first District Committee member of the 20XX team annual democratic meeting implementation of the corrective measures, as well as member of the team and of my own report guidelines for the implementation of the independent Commission against corruption statement invited leaders and comrades criticism. First, annual party on the 20XX team, Member of democratic life action plan implementation year 20XX, district democratic meeting a member of the team on \ce the scientific Outlook on development\, find a project supporting strong enough, the industry well enough, urban construction management level needs to be improved, livelihood improvement needs to be strengthened, district team itself, such as the five aspects. ear of 20XX, we find out the problems mentioned above, based on actual Shunqing construction and development, conscientiously sum up improvements, achieving significant development results and effectiveness of their work. (A) highlight the project handle, maintain high growth of investment. Adhere to the strategy as a Foundation, carrying out projects to promote increased stamina important. One is to increase the intensity of projects towards. Actively seek national and provincial policy support, superior special transfer payments, a variety of additional income will top 700 million Yuan, a number of key infrastructure projects, livelihood projects, industrial projects into the cage. Second, increasing the project attracts. This year a total of 23 signed a major project, of which 14 billion project, China Metallurgical group, vanke group, Guangdong hengda group, Taiwan Ruentex group, on the RI group, Shenzhen Kaisa, jifeng agricultural machinery, Mercedes-Benz, Audi 4S store and other large enterprises and projects have settled in Shunqing. Third, strengthen project construction. Annual implementation focus project 39 a, fixed assets investment total will breakthrough 12 billion yuan, created district yilai history high, South door dam, and five in shop old city transformation, and Ying China industrial concentrated district construction, and city main road construction, and Northeast steam Trade Center, and modern farmers industry Park, and vocational education city, and low rental, and also room construction, and features blocks build, and farmers market transformation, and \on\engineering speed up implementation, effectiveness obviously. Expected to be achieved this year, area-wide GDP 17 billion thrift of excellent traditional and style lack deep of understanding, one-sided think in now of good situation Xia, economic smooth more fast development, and reform made major progress, and people living significantly improve, and social the career made new progress, no necessary always hard has, no awareness to China also has many poverty area, and also has many poverty population of exists, more living improve has, more need keep hard of style. Three is not strictly honest. otal thought units is a water sector, clean self-discipline away from himself too far, no real processing good living of improve and hard, and thrift excellent traditional of relationship, no effective do comply with Constitution and party of regulations must from I do up, no right mercy good bitter Le, and wealth of relationship, no right awareness to in comply with Constitution and party of regulations aspects everyone has accountability. Four, future direction and improvement measures 1, belief and faith, strengthen party spirit. One is to firmly establish the noble ideals of struggle for the ideals of communism, communist struggle for life, ready to sacrifice everything for the party and the people. Second is to continuously improve the quality and standard of political, conscientiously study Deng Xiaoping theory and \presents\hought and the scientific Outlook on development, implement the party's basic program for the primary stage of socialism, adhere to the correct political orientation, maintain highly consistent with the CPC Central Committee, is good at theories of socialism with Chinese characteristics to analyze and solve problems. Third, strengthening the party spirit and the world transformation, perseverance of the party Constitution, relive Party vows to establish correct world Outlook, Outlook on life and the world, practically embodies ideals and beliefs into action, combine lofty ideals and practical activities, transforming the objective world, actively participate in the great practice of building socialism with Chinese characteristics. 2, keep the purpose in concept, changing the style of work. First, keep in mind that the purpose of serving, adhere to assuming power for the people, keep in mind the people and care about people, and the joys and sorrows of the masses, ...According to city discipline, and municipal organization Department requirements, today we held \ementation independent Commission against corruption guidelines effective strengthening led cadres style construction\c democratic life, main task is close contact thought, and work actual, control check district Standing Committee team and the personal in implementation independent Commission against corruption guidelines Shang exists of problem, in-depth carried out criticism and self-critical, further clear rectification direction and measures, effective enhanced clean politics of consciousness and initiative, firm set good of ruling image. Before the meeting, the way we take surveys solicited a views, combed, related to team building
主要内容：需要的五个层次
人具有五种主要的需要，按照从低到高的顺序分别为：生理需要、安全需要、归属和爱的需要、尊重的需要、自我实现的需要。
主要观点：
1)人均具有这五种需要，只是在不同的时期表现出来强烈程度不同而已。
2)未被满足的需要是行为的主要激励源，已获得基本满足的需要不再具有激励作用。 3)五种需要层级越来越高，当下一层级需要在相当程度上得到满足后，个体 才能追求上一层级的需要。
4) 前三个层级为基本需要，后两个层级为高级需要，前三个满足主要靠外部条件和因素，后两个满足主要靠内在因素。
在管理上的应用：
1)管理者需要考虑员工不同层次的需要，并为每一层次的需要设计相应的激励措施 2)管理者需要考虑每个员工的特殊需要，因为不同人的需要是不同的。
3)组织用于满足低层次需要的投入效益是递减的。即低层次需要满足后，仍以原来的方式激励员工，则效果会很小。
对此理论的评价：
并不十分可靠和准确：五个层次并不严格呈阶梯关系;理论呆板，不适用于多变的环境。 二、双因素理论
1.创始人：美国心理学家赫兹伯格 2.主要内容：
1)满意的对立面不是不满意，而是“没有满意”;同理，不满意的对立面是“没有不满意”。
roject work, cadres, cadres selection and other aspects of a total of 19, further defined the direction of rectification, enhancing the pertinence and effectiveness of democratic life. Good for this meeting, we requested the Standing Committee of the municipal party Committee, municipal Secretary General Tang Wenjin, the City Commission for discipline inspection Standing Committee Yng Xu, Jiang Jixue, Deputy Director of the personnel office, and other leading comrades present guidance allows us to warm applause for their welcome and thanks! BelowI first District Committee member of the 20XX team annual democratic meeting implementation of the corrective measures, as well as member of the team and of my own report guidelines for the implementation of the independent Commission against corruption statement invited leaders and comrades criticism. First, annual party on the 20XX team, Member of democratic life action plan implementation year 20XX, district democratic meeting a member of the team on \ce the scientific Outlook on development\, find a project supporting strong enough, the industry well enough, urban construction management level needs to be improved, livelihood improvement needs to be strengthened, district team itself, such as the five aspects. ear of 20XX, we find out the problems mentioned above, based on actual Shunqing construction and development, conscientiously sum up improvements, achieving significant development results and effectiveness of their work. (A) highlight the project handle, maintain high growth of investment. Adhere to the strategy as a Foundation, carrying out projects to promote increased stamina important. One is to increase the intensity of projects towards. Actively seek national and provincial policy support, superior special transfer payments, a variety of additional income will top 700 million Yuan, a number of key infrastructure projects, livelihood projects, industrial projects into the cage. Second, increasing the project attracts. This year a total of 23 signed a major project, of which 14 billion project, China Metallurgical group, vanke group, Guangdong hengda group, Taiwan Ruentex group, on the RI group, Shenzhen Kaisa, jifeng agricultural machinery, Mercedes-Benz, Audi 4S store and other large enterprises and projects have settled in Shunqing. Third, strengthen project construction. Annual implementation focus project 39 a, fixed assets investment total will breakthrough 12 billion yuan, created district yilai history high, South door dam, and five in shop old city transformation, and Ying China industrial concentrated district construction, and city main road construction, and Northeast steam Trade Center, and modern farmers industry Park, and vocational education city, and low rental, and also room construction, and features blocks build, and farmers market transformation, and \on\engineering speed up implementation, effectiveness obviously. Expected to be achieved this year, area-wide GDP 17 billion【考试大会员中心】为您提供计算机类、外语类、资格类、学历类，会计类、建
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