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专题 36 阅读理解之文章结构
关键词：阅读理解,文章结构,上下文推理,语境 难度系数：???? 推荐指数：????? 【基础回顾】 考点归纳： 理解文章的基本结构
英语文章讲究使用主题段和主题句。主题段通常在文章开头，简要概括文章的中心思想，主题句可能在一段的开头，也可能在中间或末 尾，作用是交代该段的中心思想，再由全段展开或讨论这个意思。各个段落通常由某些起连接作用的词语连接，以使文章行文连贯。如果希 望准确、深刻地理解一篇文章，必须对文章的结构有所了解，把握住全 篇的文脉，即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系。 基础必读：
根据考纲要求（5）理解文章的基本结构可知，考查文章的基本结构是高考阅读测试的目标之一。从其考查内容而言，可分为三种：考查考生对整个文章结构的组织能力；考查考生对后文内容的预测能力；考查考生对文章写作手法、修辞手段的鉴赏能力。 篇章结构主要的设题方式常有： （1）How is the passage organized?
（2）Which of the following best shows the structure/organization of the passage? （3）What will the author most probably talk about next? （4）The author develops the passage mainly by _________. （5）The first paragraph serves as a（n） __________.
（6）The example of … is given to show/illustrate that__________. 【技能方法】
篇章结构主要的解题策略常有：
（1）了解文章结构的组织形式。从段落组织方式上讲，常见的文章结构有三种：总分式结构（总→分；总→分→总；分→总）、并列式结构（段落之间是平行关系，并且相对独立）、对照式结构（结构形式上是一正一反）。
（2）了解文章的论证方法。从论证方法上讲，常见的议论文结构有以下两类： Put forward a question →Analyze the question → Solve the question 即“提出问题、分析问题、解决问题”的过程；Argument/idea → Evidence → conclusion/ restating the idea 即“由论点到论据到结论或者强调论
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点”的过程。
（3）了解文章的修辞手法。从修辞手法上讲，在高考阅读中主要考查下定义、分类说明、列举例证和对比等写作手法。其中，“引用”和“例证”是议论文和说明文中最常用的写作手法之一。是历年高考阅读试题中必不可缺的命题方向。“引用”和“例证”的共同目的就是增强说服力，以更好的达到说理、说明的目的。“引用”和“例证”的共同功能就是服务于段落或篇章的主题。 【基础达标】
【黑龙江省双鸭山市第一中学2017届高三9月月考】
The main reason people come to America is said to be that they can chase the American Dream. Everyone has heard of it, and many have died fighting for it. The only thing is that there is no clear definition of the American Dream. It is not defined by one dream, but by all the opportunities that the United States offers. Since the founding of the United States, people have been striving to define the American Dream.
In the play Death of a Salesman, every character is trying to realize his own version of the American Dream. Willy feels that he has done so. He has spent his whole life as a not very successful salesman. As he gets older, he starts having conflicts with everyone in his life, and feels that only by killing himself will the people around him be able to finally be happy.
Bernard, on the other hand, feels that the American Dream can only be achieved through career success. He shows that through hard work and dedication he will be crowned with success.
The dialogue of the characters reveals the different attitudes they have toward the American Dream, and the reaction of Willy to the fact that Bernard is very successful while he is not.
Many people try to achieve the American Dream, but few actually do so. As with any goal, it takes hard work and dedication to achieve the American Dream. In Death of a Salesman, all aspects of this goal are examined. For the goal to be achieved, the dream must be an attainable one which is worth working toward. It also must be a dream that the professional world accepts and finds useful.
1.The underlined word “striving” probably has the same meaning as “_________”. A. trying hard B. giving up C. bending down D standing still] 2.According to the text, Death of a Salesman tries to tell us _________.
A. what the American Dream is like B. why Willy decides to kill himself
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C. about Bernard’s dedication to his work? D. the life stories of Willy and Bernard 3.According to the author, Bernard is successful because _________.
A. he understands the real world B. he knows how to take advantage of his knowledge C. he works hard to achieve his goals D. he is popular around the world 4.What would be the correct structure of the text?
3.C推理判断题。根据第三段Bernard, feels that the American Dream can only be achieved through career success. He shows that through hard work and dedication he will be crowned with success.可知Bernard是按照自己理解的美国梦去努力的，故选C.
4.B推理判断题。文章开头提出人们为之奋斗的美国梦是什么，提出问题；然后用具体事例说明人们对美国梦的不同理解和做法；最后总结梦想应该是可达到的有用的能接受的，并且为之努力。结构为总-分-总，故选B.
考点：考查社会生活类短文阅读。 【能力提升】
【湖北省沙市中学2017届高三上学期第三次考试】
Imagine a mass of floating waste is two times the size of the state of Texas. Texas has a land area of more than 678 000 square kilometers. So it might be difficult to imagine anything twice as big.
All together, this mass of waste flowing in the North Pacific Ocean is known as the Great Pacific Ocean Garbage Patch. It weighs about 3 500 000 tons. The waste includes bags，bottles