- 11 -

6. _____ are words pronounced letter by letter, and _____ are words pronounced as a normal word.

A. initialisms, acronyms B. Acronyms, initialisms C. Acronyms, blends D. Blends, initialisms

7. Shortening a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains is called ______.

A. blending B. clipping C. acronymy D. back-formation 8. Which of the following words is NOT formed through clipping? A. Dorm B. motel C. Gent D. Zoo 9. The word “AIDS” is a (n) ________. A. initialism

B. acronym C. derivative

D. compound

D. word + tail

10. The word “smog” is created by blending, with the structure of ________. A. head + tail B. head + head C. head + word

11. Verb compounds are not as common as noun compounds and adjective compounds.

The limited number of verbs are created either through ______ or ______. A. blending, clipping B. conversion, blending C. backformation, clipping D. conversion, backformation

Chapter 6 Word Meaning

选择

1. ____ explains the connection between the literal sense and triturative sense of the

word.

A. Etymological motivation B. Onomatopoetic motivation C. Morphological motivation D. Semantic motivation

2. Now people use “pen” for any writing tool though it originally denotes “feather”. This phenomenon can be explained by____.

A. etymological motivation B. onomatopoetic motivation C. morphological motivation D. semantic motivation

3.___ is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning. A. Grammatical meaning B. Denotative meaning C. Associative meaning D. Connotative meaning

- 12 -

4. When readers come across the word “home” in reading, they may be reminded of their family, friends, warmth, safety, love. That is because of the “home” has ______. A. collocations

B. connotations C. denotations

D. perorations

5. “Domicile, residence, abode, home” are almost the same in conceptual meaning, but

differ mainly in___.

A. connotative meaning B. affective meaning C. collocative meaning D. stylistic meaning

6. ____ vary from individual to individual, from culture to culture, from generation to generation, from society to society.

A. Connotative and affective meanings B. Connotative and collcational meanings C. Affective and collocational meanings D. Affective and stylistic meanings T or F

1. Compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words, and the meaning of many are the sum total of the morphemes combined. T

2. By morphological motivation, we mean that a meaning of a particular word is related

to its origin. F

3. Functional words have both lexical meaning and grammatical meaning. F

4. Grammatical meaning refers to the part of speech, tenses of verbs and stylistic features

of words. F

5. In many cases the appreciative or pejorative meaning of the words are produced out of

context. F

6. The free phrase has the primary stress on the first element and the secondary stress, if

any, on the second. F

7. In both compounds and free phrases the adjective element can take inflectional suffixes.

F

8.Every word that has meaning has sense and reference.F

9. By morphological motivation, we mean that a meaning of a particular word is related to its origin. F

10. Associative meaning comprises four types: connotative ,stylistic, affective and

- 13 -

denotative. F

11. Componential analysis is to break down. the conceptual sense of a word into its

minimal distinctive components. T 填空

1. A word is the combination of form and meaning . 2. The word meaning is made up of grammatical meaning and lexical meaning, which itself has two components: conceptual meaning and associative meaning. 3. Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories: appreciative or pejorative. 4. In modern English, one may find some onomatopoeic words whose sounds suggest their meaning, for these words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises.

Chapter 7 polysemy and homonymy Exercises

1. The word “treacle” has the following senses: (1)wild beast; (2)remedy for bites of venomous beasts; (3)antidote for poison or remedy for poison; (4)any effective remedy; (5)(BrE)molasses.(糖浆） What semantic process has“treacle”undergone? A. centralization

B. radiation C. concatenation D. narrowing

2. Which group of the following are perfect homonyms? A. dear (a loved person)—deer (a kind of animal)

B. bow (bending the head as a greeting)—bow(the device used for shooting) C. bank(the edge of the river)—bank (an establishment for money business) D. right (correct)—write (put down on paper with a pen)

3. The following are the main sources of homonyms except ____.

A.change in grammar B.change in sound C .change in spelling D. borrowing 4. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.

A. Polysemy B. Synonymy C. Homonymy D. Hyponymy 5. The word \

A. onomatopoeically B.etymologically C. semantically D. morphologically 6. Words are arbitrary symbols with independent identities so far as their spelling and

pronunciation is concerned. But ____, all words are related in one way or another.

- 14 -

A. linguistically B. semantically C. grammatically D. pragmatically 7.____, the basic meaning of a word is the core of word-meaning called the central meaning.

A.Onomatopoeically B.Diachronically C.Synchronically D. Etymologically 8. _____ is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages because many words have more than one meaning.

A. Hyponymy B. Polysemy C. Homonymy D. Synonymy

9. The problem of interrelation of the various meanings of the same word is usually dealt with from _____ different angles.

A. two B. three C. four D. five

10. The basic meaning of a word is the core of word-meaning called the _____ meaning. A. first B. primary C. derived D. central

11. Of the three types of homonyms, _____ constitute the largest number and are most

common.

A. homophones B. perfect homonyms C. homographs. D. homophones and homographs

12. Homographs are words identical only in _____ but different in two other aspects. A. sound B. spelling C. meaning D. sense

13. Perfect homonyms and polysemants are _____ with regard to spelling and

pronunciation. A. fully different

B. slightly different C. fully identical D. slightly identical

Activity: give the homophones to the words on the left

Flee—flea Flour—flower Foul—fowl Flu—flew Feet—feat Flair--flare Heal—heel Hear—here Hair—hare Heard—herd Hoarse--horse Way—weigh Wait—weight Waist—waste Vein—vain Waive—wave Wood—would Tail—tale Pray—prey Principal--principle

Profit—Prophet Rain-- Rein; reign Road—Rode Rap—wrap Ring--wring Read—reed Sail—sale See—sea Seen—scene Sew—so Seam--seem Son—sun Steal—steel Sear—seer Sight—site Soar—sore Some--sum Stair--stare