被动语态语法专项讲解与训练

(一) 语态分类：英语动词分主动语态和被动语态。

主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。 Tom(执) cleans(谓动) the room(承) every day. (主动)

The room(承) is cleaned(谓动) by Tom(执) every day. (被动) 被动语态结构：助动词be + 动词的过去分词done， 即be done ，

常译为“被”、“给”、“由”、“受”等词用来表示被动关系。

(二) 被动语态的用法

(1) 动作的执行者很明显。这时往往不用by 短语。

Word processing skills are taught in our computer lessons. (2)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。

Some new computers were stolen last night.

(3) 突出或强调动作的承受者。如果需要说出动作的执行者，用by 短语。

The window was broken by Mike. 窗户是迈克打破的。

(三) 被动语态的时态变化：通过助动词be的各种时态变化来体现，done不变。注意主语的单、复

数变化。

以do为例，掌握下列时态的被动结构，形式变化如下：

1．一般现在时：am / is / are + done 2．一般过去时：was / were + done 3．一般将来时：shall / will + be done am/is/are going to be done 4．现在完成时：have / has + been + done 5．情态动词： can/may/must/should/have to be done 以下时态的被动语态作一般了解：

现在进行时：am / is / are + being + done 过去进行时：was / were + being + done 过去完成时：had + been + done 过去将来时：should / would + be done (四) 主动语态变被动语态的方法

My aunt invited me to her dinner party.

执行者 动词 承受者

→ I was invited (by my aunt ) to her dinner party.

承受者 谓语 by+执行者

1.把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。

2.把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的be + 过去分词，时态要与原句保持一致。

3.把主动语态的主语变为介词by 的宾语，放在被动语态里谓语动词之后，by 短语可以省略。 练习：

1. 一般现在时：People grow rice in the south of the country.

_________ _________ _________ in the south of the country. 2. 一般过去时：Nancy Jackson designed the CD-ROM.

The CD-ROM _________ _________ _________ Nancy Jackson.

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3. 一般将来时：They will hold the charity show in the school hall.

The charity show _________ _________ _________ in the school hall. 4. 现在完成时：He has brought his book here.

His book _________ _________ _________ here.

5．含有情态动词的被动语态：You must hand in your homework after class.

Your homework _________ _________ _________ _________ after class. (五) 语态转换时所注意的问题

1. 把主动语态变为被动语态时，先找原主动句中的动宾短语，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。 We have bought a new computer.

A new computer has been bought. (正确) A new computer have been bought. (错误)

2. 含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语。

My uncle gave me a present on my birthday. I was given a present on my birthday. 如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语，则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词，如上句还可说： A present was given to me yesterday. 注意：1. 下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词 to，如： bring, give, lend, offer, pass, show, teach, tell 等。 (1) The book was shown to the class.

(2) My bike was lent to her.

2.一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词 for, 如： buy, cook, get, keep, make, order, play, sing 等。 (1) A new skirt was made for me.

(2) The meat was cooked for us.

(3) Some country music was played for us.

3. 由动词+ 介词或副词构成的短语动词，要把它们作为整体看，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动词有：

动词+介词，如: laugh at, listen to, look after, think of, talk about, work on等。

动词+副词，如: sell out, find out, give up, hand in, work out, pass on, point out, put away, put off, think

over, turn on, wake up等。

The most difficult problem was worked out by Tom. The song is often listened to by girls. 4. 带复合宾语(宾语+宾补)的动词改为被动语态时，把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如：

(1) We always keep the classroom clean. (keep sth. clean)

→The classroom is always kept clean. (sth be kept clean) (2) She told us not to stay up late. (tell sb not to do …) →We were told not to stay up late . (sb. be told not to do …)

注意：在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带 to，但改成被动语态后都补上to。 We often hear him play the guitar.

→He is often heard to play the guitar.

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记住下列变化： see sb do… be seen to do hear sb do…. be heard to do listen to sb do be listened to to do make sb do… be made to do

5. 有些动词既可作及物动词，也可作不及物动词，当它们和well, badly, easily等副词连用时，表示主语内在品质或使用性能，是不及物动词，不用被动语态，常见的有：write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook 等。如：

(1)The cloth washes easily. 这布很好洗。

(2)The new computer sells well. 这新产品很畅销。 (3)The printer prints quickly. 这个打印机打印很快。 对比：The books sell well. (主动句)

The books were sold out. (被动句)

6. 只有动宾结构才有被动语态。下列情况的主动句不能改为被动句：

第一，感官连系动词无被动意义，如：feel, look, seem, taste, sound, smell等。 (1)— Do you like the material? — Yes, it feels very soft.

误：It is felt very soft.

(2)The food tastes delicious. 误：The food is tasted delicious. (3)The pop music sounds beautiful.

误：The pop music is sounded beautiful.

第二，一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态，如：take place, break out, belong to, come out, come true等。如：

The accident took place last night.

误：The accident was taken place last night..

第四，不及物动词没有被动语态，如：rise, happen, succeed, lie等。 The sun has already risen.

误：The sun has already been risen.

第五，宾语是反身代词，相互代词，同源宾语，不定式，v-ing形式及抽象名词等，不能变为被动句子的主语，如：

I taught myself English.

误：Myself was taught English.

7. 在汉语中，有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构来表示，例如：

据说…… It is said that …

据报导…… It is reported that it is going to rain tomorrow.

众所周知…… It is well known that Thomas Edison invented the electric lamp. 8. 注意区别系表结构（be+adj.）和被动语态。

His glasses are broken. (系表) His glasses were broken by the cat.(被动) The door is closed. (系表) The door was closed by Tom. (被动) He is surprised. (系表) He was surprised by the snake. (被动)

被动语态专项练习（一）

一、 用动词的正确语态填空。

1. English _________(speak) the most widely in the world.

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