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什么是叙事疗法?
所谓“叙事疗法”涉及很多不同的主题,每个治疗师对这些主题有自己独特的理解。有人认为“叙事疗法”是理解人们的身份的一种方式。有人认为它是理解问题以及问题对人们生活的影响的方式。也有人认为这是一种和人们谈论他们所体验到的问题的方法或者理解治疗关系和治疗政治或治疗伦理的方法。
叙事疗法力图在咨询和社区工作中做到尊重来访者,不指责任何人,让来访者做他们自己生活的专家。她认为问题和人是分开的,假定人们拥有很多有助于降低问题对他们生活的影响的技巧、能力、信念、价值观、努力和能力。
“叙事”这种说法的含义是倾听、讲述或复述人们和他们在生活中所遇到的问题的故事。面对严重的、有时甚至是致命的问题,倾听或者讲述故事的观念看似不那么重要。通过对话可以塑造新的现实也令人难以置信。但事实确实如此。我们和别人共同构建的意义之桥有助于新的进步继续发展,舍此则会枯萎、被遗忘。语言可以把事件塑造成充满希望的叙事。
在治疗实践中运用叙事的隐喻,我们要去思考如何鼓励人们去做他们平常就在做的事情——把生活事件编织成故事——但要侧重于帮助他们看到平常往往被忽略的生活事件。如此一来,可以进一步运用其他的方法避免让咨询师成为咨询的中心,让来访者赋予生活意义的技巧成为中心。这是叙事隐喻对我最大的吸引力。
Narrative listening - an exercise
叙事倾听练习
1. Participants will divide into groups of three or four and have a round in which every time one participant is a
'teller' and the others witnesses. 3、4个人一组,围成一圈。每次选一个人做“讲述者”,其他人做见证人。
2. Teller - Tell in turn, of an experience (short story or anecdote) from younger age, from which you draw:
strength, empowerment and/or inspiration. An experience from your: roots, family of origin and/or culture. The experience could relate to values, beliefs, symbols or rituals that are important for you. Please tell the experience in detail.讲述者:按顺序讲述一段小时候的经历(小故事或者轶事),从这段经历中你活的了:力量、胆魄/或鼓舞。讲述一段关于以下内容的经历:你的根基,原生家庭和/或文化。请尽量详细讲述这些经历。
3. Witnesses (each witness separately) - While the person is telling his experience write down words and
sentences that resonate for you (don't write verbatim all the experience) in the language of the teller. Words, sentences or metaphors that seam central, meaningful and touch you. 见证人(独立做):在讲述者讲述他的经历的时候,写下那些让你产生共鸣的词语或者句子(不要写逐字记录)。记录那些在你看来特别关键,特别有意义,能打动你的词语、句子或比喻。
4. After the first round ends a second round will take place. In the second round all reflectors will read to each
'teller' their words and sentences they wrote down. 完成前面一轮练习,就进入下一轮练习。在第二个环节中,所有的回应者把自己记录下来的句子读给讲述者听。
5. After ending both rounds we will try to relate to the following questions in the big group.两个环节都结束之
后,我们可以提问以下问题。 ? How did you feel?你们感觉如何?
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? How was the experience of telling?讲述的感觉如何?
? How was the experience of listening to the witnesses?见证人倾听的感受如何?
? How was the experience of listening to the 'teller' with these specific guidelines in mind?用这种特殊的
方式去倾听讲述者的话有什么感觉?
? How is this way of listening in comparison to other ways of therapeutic listening? For the 'teller' and
listener?这种倾听和别的治疗性倾听有什么不同?对讲述者而言有什么不同?对倾听者而言呢? ? What did you learn from the multiple reflections? 通过大家的反思你学到什么?
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