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中英文开题报告
下面是一篇英语论文的开题报告，虽然不是特别好，但也反应了开题报告的格式和写法，有一定的借鉴价值。 Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies 1 Introduction
The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).
DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
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My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis. A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm. The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations
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are made in regard to their translation approaches.
In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.
2 Outline
2.1 Development and major concepts of DTS
一、研究的目的：
1）探索具有东风小学特点的培养学生合作意识与能力的方法、模式、途径。
2)在理论与实践结合点上，总结合作学习、合作活动、合作生活的案例，促进学生合作意识与能力的提高。
3)更新干部教师的观念，提高队伍的整体素质，培养忧秀教师，促进学校工作。 二、指导思想：
以主体教育理论为指导，以教育学、心理学理论为依据，以学生为本，在“九五”课题研究的基础上，深化主体教育研究，探索培养学生合作意识与能力的方法、途径、模式，促进学生生动、活泼、主动、健康地发展，为未来人才打好素质基础。 三、研究的主要内容：
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1、在学科教学中，深化“三学一训练”教学模式的研究，探讨学生主动参与，合作学习的方法、模式。
2、在集体生活和教育活动中，深化“三自椫傅肌芯啃纬裳
哦泳瘛⒑献髂芰Φ耐揪丁⒎椒ā?
墓ぷ魉悸罚
3、在实践活动中，精选、开发培养学生合作意识与能力的活动，形成东风小学必要的活动系例。 四、研究对象：东风小学全体学生 五、研究方法、原则、策略
方法：以行动研究法为主，辅之以观察法和调查法。
原则：以学生为本的原则，实践性原则、整体性原则、合作性原则。 策略；全员参与，主题研究，案例教育，滚动深入。 六、研究措施： 1、成立领导小组： 组长：佟岳
组员：全体干部，刘长荣、段景明 2、加强校科研室建设
使教科室成为教育教学的参谋部，教育理论的宣传站，科研骨干的培训站，课题的研究中心，指导中心和管理中心。
教科室要充分发挥职能作用，做好资料的收集、整理成果的扩展工作。 3、培训队伍
1)、学习主体教育理论及有关2 1世纪教育四个支柱的论述，特别
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是关于合作方面的论述，转变观念。
2)、自我总结“九五”期间引导学生合作学习、活动、生活的实例，加以完善，申报自己的研究课题。
4、成立三个子课题组(与主要研究内容相对应)，分别课题领导小组成员为组长
合作学习研究组： 张舂旺 合作生活研究组： 王桂芝 合作活动研究组： 德育：范玉霞 艺术：郝文敏 体育：张振义 科技：张春旺 学科：刘学德
学校聘请有关专家做为顾问，以校研究实践为主，上下结合。 使全体教师都参与到课题研究中来，努力实现方案式的工作计划，研究式的工作过程，小结式的工作检查和成果式的工作实效。在整体活动上每学期要进行有主题的研究活动l0次以上。
5、定期进行阶段性总结、交流研讨。坚持每学期一小结，每学年一总结。全体教师都要围绕自己的课题进行总结，分学习、生活、活动三个组进行研讨，总结推广典型案例，进 行个案研究。
6、组织教师个人教育思想专题研讨活动。
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