名词解释

1. Mutual exclusivity bias相互排斥倾向

A cognitive constraint in which children assume that an object is ordinarily not given two different names.

2. Motherese母式语言

A form of adult-to-child speech characterized by relatively simple utterances, concrete referents, exaggerated intonation patterns, and a high proportion of directive utterances. 3. Critical period hypothesis临界期假设

The view that there is a period early in life in which we are especially prepared to acquire a language.

4. Language bioprogram hypothesis语言生物程序假设

The hypothesis that children whose environmental exposure to language is limited use a backup linguistic system. 5. Pidgin混杂语

An auxiliary language that is created when speakers of mutually unintelligible languages are in close contact.

6. Language transfer 语言迁移

In second-language acquisition, the process in which the first language influences the acquisition of a subsequent language.

7. Overregularization规则泛化

When a child applies a linguisitic rule to cases that are exceptions to the rule--for example, saying goed instead of went. 8. Holophrase 表句词

A one-word utterance used by a child to express more than the meaning attributed to the word by adults.

9. Idiomorph ？

A sound or sound sequence used consistenly by a child to refer to someone or something even though it is not the sound sequence conventionally used in the language for that purpose. 10. Coalescence合并

A phonological process in which phonemes from different syllables are combined into a single syllable.

11. Reduction减少

A phonological process in child language in which one or more phonemes are deleted. Also called cluster reduction because consonant clusters are often reduced, such as saying take for steak. 12. Assimilation 同化

A phonological process in which one speech sound replaced by another that is similar sounds elsewhere in the utterance. 13. Common ground共识

The shared understanding of those involved in the conversation. 14. Semantic bootstrapping语义引导 The process of using semantics to acquire syntax. 15. Accommodation顺应

A phonological process in which elements that are shifted or deleted are adapted to their

error-induced environments.

16. Incremental processing增量处理

The notion that we are planning one portion of our utterance as we articulate another portion. 17. Speech errors=slip of tongue 书上P196

Refer to faults made by speakers during the production of sounds,words and sentences. Both native and non-native speakers of a language make mistakes when speaking.

There are two types of speech errors, one is assemblage error, the other is selection error. 18. Assemblage errors

The correct choice or word has been made, but the utterance has been faultily assembled. Eg. writtening threat letters---writing threatening letters

19. Selection errors

A wrong item (or items) is chosen, where something has gone wrong with the selection process. Eg. tooth hache---tooth paste

20. Psycholinguistics心理语言学

The study of the comprehension, production, and acquisition of language. 21. Aphasia失语症

A language or speech disorder caused by brain damage. 22. Behaviorism行为主义

The doctrine that states that the proper concern of psychology should be the objective study of behavior rather than the study of the mind. 23. Distinctive features显著特征

The specification of the differences between speech sounds in terms of individual contrasts. 24. Observational adequacy观察充分性

The extent to which a grammar can distinguish between acceptance and unacceptance strings of words. See also descriptive adequacy and explanatory adequacy. 25. Descriptive adequacy描写充分性

The extent to which a grammar can provide a structural description of a sentence. 26. Explanatory adequacy解释充分性

The extent to which a agrammar can explain the facts of language acquisition. See also descriptive adequacy and observational adequacy.

27. Transformational-generative grammar转换生成语法 书上P33

28. Psychological reality心理现实性 P40

29. Core grammar核心语法 ？

30. Working memory工作记忆区

A form of memory with both storage and processing functions. Working memory is used to hold information for a short period of time as well as to perform various operations on the stored information.

31. Memory span记忆广度

A person's memory span is the number of items that can be reliably recalled in the correct order. 32. Episodic memory情景记忆

The division of permanent memmory in which personally experienced information is stored. 33. Semantic memory语义记忆

The portion of permanent memory that contains organized knowledge of words, concepts, symbols, and objects. See also internal lexicon. 34. Parallel processing平行加工

When two or more processses take place at the same time. 35. Categorical perception范畴听辨

The disablilty to discriminate sounds within a phonemic category. 36. Semantic network语义网络

A model of semantic memory in which words are represented as nodes and connected to other nodes by various semantic relationships. 37. Typicality effect典型性效应

The fact that it takes longer to verify a statement of the form An A is a B when A is not typical or characteristic of B.

38. Logogen词汇发生

Structure in the internal lexicon that specifies the various attributes (semantic, orthographic, and so on) of a word.

39. Cohort Model群模型

A model of auditory word recognition in which listeners are assumed to develop a group of candidates, a word initial cohort, and then determine which member of that cohort corresponds to the presented word.

40. Semantic priming语义启动

An experimental procedure in which one word is presented in advance of another, target word, which reduces the time needed to retrieve or activate the target word. 41. Parsing句法分析

The process of assigning words into grammatical categories. 42. Minimal attachment strategy最少接触策略

A principle used in parsing. It states that we prefer attaching new items into the phrase marker being constructed using the fewest syntactic nodes consistent with the rules of the language. 43. Coherence连贯

The degree to which different parts of a text are connected to one another. Coherence exits at both local and global levels of discourse. 44. Anaphoric reference回指

A form of reference cohesion in which one linguistic expression refers back to prior information in discourse.

45. Schema图式

(pl. schemata) A structure in semantic memory that specifies the expected sequence of envents.