。 。 。 。 内部文件，版权追溯 内部文件，版权追溯 内部文件，版权追溯 内部文件，版权追溯 Unit 4 Earthquakes

Ⅰ.阅读理解

A

Mike Godwin is an American lawyer and author who invented “Godwin's Law” in 1990 when he made the following statement：

As an online discussion grows longer, a comparison involving Nazis or Hitler is very likely to be made.

Godwin's Law is applicable to online discussions in forums, chat rooms, and on blogs. The term has earned a place in the Oxford English Dictionary：

Godwin's Law: noun. A facetious aphorism(有趣的格言) maintaining that as an online debate increases in length, it becomes certain that someone will eventually compare someone or something to Adolf Hitler or the Nazis.

Although __coined__ to describe an Internet phenomenon, the term is being applied to the use of “the Nazi card” in other contexts.

A complaint by many forum users is that the so-called law is ending discussion. One makes a Nazi comparison and another cries, “You said Hitler, so I win！” At that point, the discussion ends. The term has created a verb, “to Godwin，” as in, “You Godwined this discussion！”

The mention of Godwin's Law has come to be seen as a way to end an online discussion. Here is a complaint voiced by a forum user：

It seems like Godwin's Law is becoming a real problem for any sort of discussion on the internet. Whenever Hitler, or Nazis, is brought up in a discussion, the discussion is then over and the poster who mentioned the subject is laughed at. This would be a problem if people mention Godwin's Law when the Hitler/Nazi mention is relevant to the topic at hand.

语篇导读

本文为说明文，介绍了高德温法则的来历以及意义，并举例对其进行说明。

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1．What will certainly happen according to “Godwin's Law” if the online discussion is lengthened?

A．The debaters will maintain their justice. B．The debaters will mention Hitler or Nazis. C．The debaters will earn a place in the forum. D．The debaters will become very sick and tired.

解析 B 细节理解题。根据第二段可知，当网上辩论时间变长时，参加讨论的人非常有可能会提到希特勒或者纳粹分子，故选B项。

2．What does the underlined word “coined” in the fifth paragraph mean probably? A．Built. C．Classified.

B．Adapted. D．Invented.

解析 D 词义猜测题。根据第五段可知，Godwin's Law这个词一开始是用来描述网络现象的，后来又开始用于其他情境，所以该画线词表示“创造(新词语)”，故选D项。

3．What is the mention of “Godwin's Law” viewed as in a discussion? A．A way of objection.

B．A way of complaint.

C．A way of ending it. D．A way of creating words.

解析 C 细节理解题。 根据第六段第一句和第七段第一句以及两段中给出的具体例子可知，某讨论一旦出现这样的类比即意味着结束，故选C项。

B

(2018·辽宁五校高三模拟)Shortness of breath has many different causes, and the treatment of it is specific for each cause.

4．__________ There are, however, some following first aid steps you can use to treat it, at least until the ambulance arrives or you're able to get the victim to a hospital.

5．__________ The more energy you spend, the more oxygen you use and the more short of breath you feel. Think about a good workout at the gym. Exercise hard enough and you will feel short of breath. The cure? Take a break.

Let the victim sit, stand or lie where's the most comfortable. There're lots of myths about how some body positions supposedly provide more airflow. Coaches regularly tell players to hold their arms above their heads to maximize chest expansion. Nursing staff assume the “tripod position” is the best position.

6．__________

Use oxygen. This is a special case used only for people with chronic lung problems. If the victim has oxygen available, this is what it's for.

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7．__________ The victim may have been told by his or her doctor that too much oxygen for too long might cause more problems. Assure the victim that sudden increases in shortness of breath are the instances in which oxygen is needed most.

Treat the cause of shortness of breath.

8．__________ Asthma patients, for example, often have multiple tools and drugs to fix sudden shortness of breath. Victims of lung infections may need to see a doctor and heart attack victims may need an ambulance.

A．Have the victim rest.

B．Take more exercise at the gym.

C．The victim should use his or her oxygen as directed by a doctor.

D．There're many causes of shortness of breath and many of them are treatable. E．The victim can try to avoid making use of his or her oxygen whenever possible. F．Every person is different, however, so let the victim decide what position is the most comfortable.

G．In many cases, the only way to treat shortness of breath is to call 911 or take the victim to a doctor.

语篇导读

本文为说明文，主要讲述了呼吸困难的发生有很多原因，同时提出了四种急救方法。 4．解析 G 顺承关系。本段主要讲呼吸困难有很多原因，治疗呼吸困难有不同的方法，因此空处应讲治疗呼吸困难的一般方法，且与下文构成转折关系，故选G项。

5．解析 A 总分关系。根据本段中的The cure? Take a break可知，本段主要讲让患者休息这种方法，故选A项。

6．解析 F 递进关系。根据第三段的主题句可知，此处表示每个人感觉舒服的姿势都不同，所以空处应讲让病人决定最舒服的姿势，故选F项。

7．解析 C 递进关系。根据本段的主题句可以判断，此处指要在医生指导下使用氧气，故选C项。

8．解析 D 顺承关系。根据空处上下文可以判断，此处表示呼吸困难有很多原因，并且其中很多都是可以治疗的，故选D项。

Ⅱ.完形填空

Sarah lived on a farm with her family. She was __1__ to learn to track, to identify each person and where they were going by the marks they left on the ground. And if her father couldn't teach her, she'd teach herself.

To the __2__ of her family, she borrowed all their __3__ and taught herself to recognize everyone's footprints in the sand. More than once her father came outside

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shouting, “Sarah, bring me __4__ my boots.”

Sarah developed the habit of walking around with her eyes fixed on the ground, __5__ the comings and goings of every __6__ in the place.

She also developed the annoying habit of __7__ everyone. “What were you doing down at the dam, Jack? You're not __8__ to play there.”“Did you find what you were __9__ in the garage, Auntie？” and “Who was the stranger visiting today wearing size ten boots, Mum？”

After she'd __10__ every pair of shoes that everyone __11__,_she turned to the farm's animals. By this time __12__ her victims had to admit, __13__,_that she was good.

Her best __14__ came one evening when she said the horse's front foot was __15__. Her father said that the horse was __16__ fine. Sarah __17__ that its hoof(蹄) had a split. Sarah's father __18__ the horse's hoof.

“You're __19__. The hoof is split. How did you know？”

“You can see it in its __20__.” Sarah moved the horse away. “Look, it's plain in the sand.”

“If you can tell it has a split hoof from that sand, you're pretty good，” said her father.

语篇导读

本文为记叙文，讲述了萨拉学习通过脚印来跟踪、识别人的技术的故事。 1．A．determined C．appointed

B．forced D．encouraged

解析 A 根据下文中的And if her father couldn't teach her, she'd teach herself可知，如果她的父亲不教她，她就自学；据此可以判断，她决心学习通过别人留下来的足迹跟踪、识别人的技术。be determined to do sth决心做某事，为固定搭配，故选A项。

2．A.expectation C．disappointment

B．annoyance D．delight

解析 B 根据下文中的More than once her father came outside shouting可知，她的父亲不止一次朝她发火；由此可以判断，她的行为给家人带来了烦恼(annoyance)。下文中的She also developed the annoying habit of也是提示，故选B项。

3．A.shoes C．socks

B．books D．tools

解析 A 根据该句中的taught herself to recognize everyone's footprints in the sand和下文中的bring me ____4____ my boots可知，她借来了所有家人的鞋子(shoe)来

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自学识别沙地中每个人的脚印，故选A项。

4．A.up C．over

B．outside D．back

解析 D 根据上文可知，萨拉借来了家人的鞋子来自学识别沙地中每个人的脚印；结合语境可以判断，此处表示“萨拉，把我的靴子拿回来(back)”，故选D项。

5．A.guiding C．studying

B．hearing D．predicting

解析 C 根据该句中的Sarah developed the habit of walking around with her eyes fixed on the ground可知，萨拉养成了走路时眼睛盯着地面的习惯以研究(study)每个来往的人的足迹，故选C项。

6．A.vehicle C．animal

B．person D．season

解析 B 根据第一段第二句中的to identify each person并结合上题解析可知选B项。

7．A.surprising C．questioning

B．criticising D．challenging

解析 C 根据下文中的几个问句可知，她养成了令人厌恶的习惯，即质询(question)每个人，故选C项。

8．A.prepared C．qualified

B．invited D．allowed

解析 D 根据上文的What were you doing down at the dam, Jack可知，萨拉在质询杰克为什么在大坝上；结合语境和常识可知，人是不被允许(allow)在大坝上面玩的，故选D项。

9．A.calling for C．waiting for

B．looking for D．fighting for

解析 B 根据该句中的Did you find可知，该句句意：伯母，你在车库中找到你要寻找(look for)的东西了吗？故选B项。

10．A.worn C．destroyed

B．collected D．memorised

解析 D 根据该句中的she turned to the farm's animals可知，在她记住(memorise)了每个人的鞋子之后，她将注意力转向了农场的动物，故选D项。

11．A.owned C．tried 解析 A 参见上题解析。

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B．borrowed D．bought