词类及句子成分 ? 词类 名称 名词 n.(noun) 实 词 用途 表示人或事物的名称 例词 句法作用 boy, book, table, man 主、表、宾、补、定、同 主、宾、表、补、定、同 代词代替名词、形容词或数词 I, you, it, we, their pron.(pronoun) 数词表示数目或顺序 num.(numeral) 动词 v.(verb) 表示动作或状态 interesting, injured one, two, twenty, third, 主、表、宾、定、同 fifth work, study, 谓语动词：谓 非谓语动词：主、表、宾、补、定、状 表、补、定、补 形容词修饰名词，表示人、物的red, long, old, good adj.(adjective) 性质或特征 副词 adv.(adverb) 冠词 art.(article) 修饰动词、形容词或其他here, very, often, 副词，表示动作特征或性表、状 pretty, frequently 状特征 表示名词的泛指或特指 a (an), the 用在名词前帮助说明该名词的含义 常与名词或与之相当的词构成介词短语 连接词与词、短语与短语、或句与句的作用 表示说话时产生的情绪 介词表示名词、代词等与其它虚 in, after, under, on prep.(preposition) 词的关系 连词连接词与词、短语和短and, if, but, because conj.(conjunction) 语、句子和句子 词 感叹词表示说话时的感情或口oh, ah, um, ouch interj.(interjection) 气 自测：

根据对词类概念的理解，指出下面单词的词类： 1. deep 2. finger 3. fly 4. delicious 5. through 6. first 7. here 8. but 9. ah 10. they

根据常见的后缀辨别下列单词的词性：

1. scientist 2. conversation 3. beautiful 4. loudly 5. famous 6. government 7. lively 8.safety 9.traditional 10. illness

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判断下列句子中划线单词的词性： 1. Mary dances well. 2. His father is reading. 3. Nothing can live without water. 4. Mr. Green works in a university. 5. I have had this pen for two years. 6.You may keep this dictionary for two weeks.

知识点应用：

结合所学词类的相关知识，分析空格部分所缺词性。

A. food B. because C. regularly D. asleep E. improve F. change G. preventing H. stop I. enough J. maintain K. keeping

There are many things you can do to ___1___ your memory, such as using various memorizing methods as well as taking special care of your health.

It is important that you ___2___ stimulate your brain to make your memory more efficient. For example, you can do activities that you do not usually do and ___3___ your daily habits. Learning a new skill helps your brain develop. When trying to memorize something, you should focus your attention and concentrate on the most important things about it. Do not allow other thoughts to enter your mind ___4___ this will lower your chances of remembering things accurately.

An excellent way to help memory is to link information with pictures. Try to see the images in your mind. Taking notes, being organized and ___5___ a diary will also be useful tools.

Healthy ___6___ and plenty of vitamins (维他命) are essential for your memory to work properly. Drinking a lot of water also helps maintain your memory. You must allow your brain to have ___7___ sleep and rest too. When you are ___8___, your brain stores memory. Not enough sleep can, therefore, cause problems with storing information. In addition, being tired will ___9___ you from being able to concentrate well. Caffeine in tea and coffee is very good at ___10___ sleepiness and helping concentration, but some people believe they may cause problems with memory.

In order to concentrate well, you must be relaxed. Generally keeping fit and having regular health checks are both important as well, and not just for improving your memory.

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? 句子成分

句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的，表达一个完整的意义。一个句子一般由两部分构成，即主语部分和谓语部分，这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括宾语，定语，状语，表语、同位语等。

? 主语 (subject)：

主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句(当主语不疑问词时)和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。 The sun rises in the east. (名词) He likes dancing. (代词)

Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) Seeing is believing. (动名词) To see is to believe.(不定式) What he needs is a book.(主语从句)

It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.(It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语) 自测：

指出下列句中主语的中心词

① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. ② There is an old man coming here.

③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.

④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.

? 谓语：

说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：

1.简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。 He practices running every morning. 2.复合谓语：

(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。

You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. (2)由系动词加表语构成。

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