（1） We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling.

主干识别：We are thus led to distinguish a more formal kind of education 其他成分：within the broad educational process 状语

which we have been so far considering “ process”的定语 that of direct tuition or schooling. 同位语 翻译点拨：distinguish 区分出… consider考虑/讨论 tuition 直接讲授 schooling 学校教育

主句的处理：We are thus led to distinguish a more formal kind of education 直接翻译为：我们进而被引导去区分…(引导我们的就是我们自己)。翻译中常常是将被动变为主动，“得以…”是常见的替换方。 同位语的处理：that of direct tuition or schooling. 改译为：这就使我们进而得以去区分一种更加正式的教育。

参考译文： 这就使我们进而得以在一直讨论的广义的教育过程中去区分出一种更加正式的教育，也就是直接讲授或学校教育。

（2）From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism.

【词汇突破】democratic：民主的 populist：平民主义的

【主干识别:】our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything+定语从句

【其他成分】says Hofstadter插入语；our democratic and populist urges have driven us to…可提炼出 sth has driven sb to do… 这个句型；

that smells of elitism定语从句，修饰anything。（注意smell的介词搭配） 【微观解析】若是觉得插入语干扰了正常的理解，可将这个句子变为Hofstadter aid ,”From the beginning of our history, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism。”这样的由直

接引语构成的宾语从句会降低句子的难度

【难点揭秘】灵活的利用插入语改变句式是这个句子给我们的启示。

【译文赏析】Hofstadter说，从我们的历史一开始，我们对于民主化和大众化的渴求就迫使我们拒绝一切带有精英主义色彩的东西

（3）Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law—notwithstanding，of course，a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactments are concerned—that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena.

词汇突破：notwithstanding prep.尽管；虽然 Indispensable 不可缺少的

As far as就…而言 Enactments 实施 Coincidences 巧合 主干识别：Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms

of law

其他成分：that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate

adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena. 结果状语 难点在于插入语，as far as subject matter and positive enactments are concerned就其涉及的内容和实际的实施情况而言

a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them（这是一个名词结构，可以翻译为一个句子）

伊斯兰法律同这种或那种法律（one or the other of them）存在着大量和不可避免的一致之处。

参考译文：当然，尽管，伊斯兰法律就其涉及的内容和实际的实施情况而言，同这种和那种法律之间存在着大量的和不可避免的一致之处，但是这种法律确实是一个与其他的形式的法律都如此不同的法律现象，以至于对它的研究确实是不可缺少的，这样才能充分理解所有可能的全部范围的法律现象。

（4）The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrllch of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth. 【词汇突破】depletion：消耗（consume的同义替换词）

ozone layer:臭氧层（碰到这种专业词汇不要慌张，判断出它是一个名词即可） 【主干识别】the enemies are those 加定语从句

【其他成分】argues Paul Ehrllch of Stanford University插入语，相当于上一句中的says Hofstadter，of Stanford University做定语修饰Paul Ehrllch；a pioneer of environmental studies：插入语；who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth定语从句修饰those。

【微观解析】a pioneer of environmental studies插入语，改写为who is a pioneer of environmental studies就可以很快判断出它是修饰Paul Ehrllch的，而并非是句子的主语。定语从句中supporting global warming作evidence的定语（仍旧是修饰形式的变化）。

【译文赏析】 环境研究的先驱、斯坦福大学的保罗厄尔里西认为，科学真正的敌人是那些对支持全球变暖、臭氧层损耗以及工业发展的其他后果的证据提出置疑的人。

（5） Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on \主干识别：Time was when…主系表结构

其他成分：biologists somewhat over worded the evidence 表语从句 that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, evidence的同位语从句之一；or that they prey only on \species. evidence的同位语从句之二

词汇点拨：Game 猎物 Preserve保持 the physically weak 体弱者

prey 猎杀 somewhat或多或少 over worded 过多的提及（滥用） 成分的点拨： Time was when= there was time when…曾经有段时间， 同位语从句的处理：或者 “即，”“也就是说…”

成分的处理：biologists somewhat over worded the evidence

生物学家或多或少滥用了一种证据，that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak,即这些生物通过杀死体弱者来保持种群的健康，or that they prey only on \或者说它们仅仅捕食没有价值的物种。

参考译文：曾经有段时间，生物学家或多或少滥用了一种证据，即这些生物通过杀死体弱者来保持种群的健康，或者说它们仅仅仅捕食没有价值的物种。

（6） But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. 解析：这句话主要难在not. . . any more than.这一引导两个 句子进行比较的结构上。Any more than主要用在否定句当中，表示强调语气，如： He did not want to express himself any more strongly than he had to（不到万不得已他并不想这样言辞激烈）。可以把这句话简化为这样一个结构便于理解： task is not to think about something, just as a businessman is not expected to do something(他的任务不是考虑……，就如同不指望一个商人去做……的一样)。 Rules都可译成“规范”。 除此之外，还应注意moral code和rules of conduct的译法，这里的code和rules都可译成“规范”。

参考译文：但是，他的首要任务并不是考虑支配自己行动的道德规范，就如同不能指望商人会探索行业规范一样。

那么现在我们来看一下这个句子:

Nobody with any sense expects to find the whole truth in job advertisement any more than he expects a man applying for a job to describe his shortcomings and more serious faults.

解析:这个句子同样是结构:not...any more than 的变体；在这里not 变成了nobody；Nobody with any sense expects to find the whole truth in job advertisement.先翻前半句：任何有头脑的人都不指望招聘广告里说的话都是真话，any more than + 否定含义，同样他也不会指望求职者会说出自己的缺点和严重过失。

参考译文：任何有头脑的人都不指望招聘广告里说的话都是真话，同样他也不会指望求职者会说出自己的缺点和严重过失。

（7） It’s all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise-making.

【词汇突破】deliciously 美味的，但在这个句子里若是这样翻译就太死板了。在无法准确的理解副词意思的情况下，大可将其做very 来理解 【主干识别】it is ironic+时间状语从句

【其他成分】when you consider that 时间状语从句；who earns their living 非限制性定语从句，修饰Shakespeare，其特殊在于处于主谓之间，起到了主谓隔离的作用，这样处理使句子内部长短相间，错落有致，写作中可以灵活运用。 【微观解析】首先要找清楚Shakespeare所搭配的动词是 was,而且was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise-making.这个句子是强调句（部分强调），可还原为when you consider that Shakespeare was an actor (with a beard) and his share of noise-making.

其次再找定语从句who earns their living的修饰对象是Shakespeare。 【难点揭秘】这个句子的巧妙之处在于定语从句的位置以及为配合语气所做的强调处理，建议写作时适当运用.

【译文赏析】想想给他们带来生机的莎士比亚本人就是一个演员（而且留胡子），他也是这些噪音的一部分，你就会觉得这一切颇具讽刺意味。

【翻译点拨】did his share of noise-making 在翻译时不要生硬的翻译为：为噪声的制造做出了自己的贡献，这里的翻译可以是：他也参与了噪声的制造或者是他就是噪声中的一部分。