第四讲：直译与意译
I. Teaching Purpose
A. Understand the difference between literal translation and free translation. B. Learn to choose different translating method under different circumstances. II. Important and Difficult Points
Translate literally, if possible, or appeal to free translation. III. Teaching Method
The teacher introduces the topic and some examples are given to the students. Then the students will find the best translation. IV. Teaching Contents
一、死译(word-for-word translation)
死译也叫逐词翻译，翻译时是以词为单位进行考虑的，力求原文中的每一个词都能与译文的词对等。从形式上看非常忠实，行文也算通畅，实际上在意义和风格上相去甚远。读者常常感到费解，甚至不知所云。 It was an old and ragged moon.
原译：这是一个又老又破的月亮。 改译：这是一弯下弦残月。
Many of his ideas are especially interesting to modern youth. 原译：他的许多思想对当代青年特别有趣。 他有许多观点，当代青年特别感兴趣。
Every atom of your flesh is as dear to me as my own; in pain and sickness it would still be dear. 原译：你的肉中的每一个，对我来说，都像我自己的一样亲；它既是在病痛中，仍然是亲的。 改译：在我看来，你身上的每一个细胞都像我自己的细胞一样亲；即使你痛苦你有病，也还是一样亲。
Being a teacher is being present at the creation, when the clay begins to breathe.
原译：当一名教师意味着是创造的见证人，他目睹泥土开始呼吸，开始了生命。
改译：当一名教师就意味着目睹上帝造人的过程，目睹用泥土捏成的人体开始呼吸，开始了生命。
分析：这里引用的是《圣经》创世纪中上帝用泥土造人的故事。Creation是指上帝造人，clay是指上帝用泥土捏成的小泥人。
And as she considered, the light came again, and she saw two dark figures lying in the path ahead of her. She leaped forward and saw that one was Kino and the other a stranger with dark shiny fluid leaking from his throat.
正考虑之间，月亮露出来了，这时她看见前面路上躺着两个黑色人影。她跳起来向前跑去，看见一个是基诺，另一个不认识，黑亮黑亮的鲜血正从这陌生人的喉头往外流。 二、活译(dynamic equivalence translation)
活译指翻译时力求达到灵活对等，使译文读者能得到与原文读者大致相同的感受。 I want to hit the sack and get some Z?s. 我要去睡会觉。 Is this seat taken? 这里有人吗？ 三、直译与意译
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直译是指翻译时要尽量保持原作的语言形式，包括用词、句子结构、比喻手段等等，同时要求语言流畅易懂。意译则从意义出发，只要求将原文大意表达出来，不注意细节，译文自然流畅即可。
Don?t lock the stable door after the horse has been stolen. 直译：不要等马被盗以后，才去锁厩门。 意译：不要贼走关门。
Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful, nor is a way to make social problems evaporate.
直译：砸镜子不能使丑八怪变得漂亮，也不能使社会问题烟消云散。 意译：砸镜子并不能解决实际问题。
在上例中，意译比直译好，下例中，直译比意译好。能直译就尽量直译，不能直译就采取意译。
四、能直译就尽量直译
For my father knew and I know that if you only dig enough a pasture can be made here.
直译：因为我父亲知道，我也知道，只要挖到一定程度，早晚总可以在这里辟出个牧场的。 意译：因为我父亲知道，我也知道，功到自然成。
For Kino and Juana this was the morning of mornings of their lives, comparable only to the day when the baby had been born.
直译：在基诺和胡安娜看来，这是他们一生中最了不起的早晨，只有宝宝出生的那一天，才可以与之媲美。
意译：基诺和胡安娜认为，这一天非常重要。
在这两句话中，意译法只把大意表达出来，也比较简便，但是原文生动形象的比喻、描述都没有了，效果大为逊色，因而是不可取的。 五、不能直译就采取意译
I gave my youth to the sea and I came home and gave my wife my old age. 直译：我把青春献给海洋，我回家的时候便把老年给了我的妻子。
意译：我把青春献给海洋，等我回到家里见到我妻子的时候，已经是白发苍苍了。 They don?t know their right hand from their left. 直译：他们分不清这是自己的右手还是左手。 意译：他们什么也不知道。
When Jean graduated from high school, she looked at the world through rose-colored glasses. 直译：吉茵高中毕业的时候，是戴着玫瑰色的眼睛看周围的一切的。 意译：吉茵高中毕业的时候，她把一切事情看得太简单太容易了。 But no one forces you to go to sea. It gets in your blood.
直译：但是谁也没有强迫你出海，它进到你的血液里了。 意译：但是谁也没有强迫你出海，是你心甘情愿的嘛。
After so much bad blood between us, how generous can I expect him to be? 直译：我们之间有这么多坏血之后，我还能指望他读我怎么宽厚呢？ 意译：我们之间既然仇恨这么大，它还能带我宽厚吗？
The burning question of my childhood had been richly answered. 直译：我儿童时代在心中燃烧的问题，终于得到了充分的回答。
意译：我小时候梦寐以求想得到答案的问题，终于得到了圆满的回答。 Cast pearls before swine. 直译：把珍珠扔到猪面前。
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意译：对牛弹琴。
My rest might have been blissful enough, only a sad hear broke it. It plained of its gaping wounds, its inward bleeding, its riven chord. It trembled for Mr. Rochester and his doom; it bemoaned him with bitter pity; it demanded him with ceaseless longing; and, impotent as a bird with both wings broken, it still quivered its shattered pinions in vain attempts to seek him.
直译：我的休息原来可以十分安乐，只是一颗悲伤的心破坏了它。由于张开的伤口、内出血和绷断的弦线，心在怨诉。心为罗切斯特先生和他的命运发抖；它怀着强烈的怜悯为他悲叹；它怀着无休止的渴望要求他；尽管像折断双翼的鸟儿般无能为力，它还是颤动残破的翅膀做徒然的尝试，去寻找他。
改译：我本来可以休息得十分安详自在，只是一颗悲伤的心把它给搅了。由于受到了严重的创伤，我的心在哀诉。我的心为罗切斯特先生，为他的厄运颤抖；怀着强烈的怜悯为他悲叹；怀着无休无止的渴望要求知道他的情况。我的心，好像折断了双翅的小鸟，已经无能为力；但还是拍打着残翅，为了寻找他去做徒劳的尝试。
V. Exercises and Assignments
1. For my father knew and I know that if you only dig enough a pasture can be made here.
2. For Kino and Juana this was the morning of morning of their lives, comparable only to the
day when the baby had been born.
3. Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful, nor is it a way to make social
problems evaporate.
4. She was born with a silver spoon in her mouth.
5. Don?t lock the stable door after the horse has been stolen. 6. A brewer?s wife may drink of a tun. 7. A burned child dreads the fire. 8. Cast pearls before swine.
9. I give my youth to the sea and I came home and gave her (my wife) my old age. 10. But no one forces you to go sea. It gets in your blood.
11. When Jean graduated from high school, she looked at the world through rose-colored glasses. 12. The burning question of my childhood had been richly answered.
13. After so much bad blood between us, how generous can I expect him to be? 请指出意译的部分在哪里。
14. My rest might have been blissful enough, only a sad heart broke it. It plained of its gaping
wounds, its inward bleeding, its riven chords. It trembled for Mr. Rochester and his doom; it bemoaned him with bitter pity; it demanded him with ceaseless longing; and, impotent as a bird with both wings broken, it still quivered its shattered pinions in vain attempts to seek him.
译文：我本来可以休息得十分安详自在，只是一颗悲伤的心把它给搅了。由于受到了严重的创伤，我的心为罗切斯特先生，为他的厄运颤抖；怀着强烈的怜悯为他悲叹；怀着无休无止的渴望要求知道他的情况。我的心，好像折断了双翅的小鸟，已经无能为力；但还在拍打着残翅，为了寻找他去做徒劳的尝试。
15. It was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness; it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity; it was the season of the Light, it was the season of Darkness; it was the spring of Hope, it was the winter of Despair; we had everything before us, we had nothing before us; we were all going Heaven, we were all going
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direct the other way.
这是最美好的时期，也是最糟糕的时期；这是智慧的年代，也是愚蠢的年代；这是充满信仰的时代，也是顾虑重重的时代；这是光明的季节，也是黑暗的季节；这是富有希望的春天，也是充满绝望的冬天；我们拥有一切，我们一无所有；我们正笔直走上天堂，我们正笔直走下地狱。
16. A greeting card can warm a heart, hold a hand, lend an ear, pat a back, light up a face, tickle a funny bone, dry an eye, surprise a child, woo a sweetheart, toast a bride, welcome a stranger, wave a goodbye, shout a bravo, blow a kiss, mend a quarrel, ease a pain, boost a morale, stop a worry and start a tradition.
一张问候卡可以温暖一颗心，握紧一双手倾听肺腑言，轻拍友人背；它令人喜洋洋，撩得心痒痒，抹去泪汪汪；它给孩子以惊喜，给恋人以温存，给新娘以祝福，给路人以欢迎；它可用以挥手道别，高声喝彩，送上飞吻，也可用以平息争吵,减轻痛苦，提高士气，消除忧虑，开创一种新风尚。
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