③ 不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系。如:
I have a lot of work to do.
如果不定式是不及物动词,后面应有必要的介词。如: He is looking for a room to live in.
但如果及物动词后已有了自己的宾语,其后还应加适当的介词。 Here is a box to put things in.
注意:如果不定式的逻辑主语和逻辑宾语都出现在不定式前面,
不定式则用主动形式;若在句中找不到不定式的逻辑主语,则用不定式的被动形式。注意这两句话的区别:
I have a letter to write. 我有封信要写。(我写信)
I'm going to Beijing next week. Do you have anything to be taken to your friends?……你有什么要(我)带给你的朋友们吗?(被我带而不是你带)
(4) 不定式作状语的用法。
不定式作状语,修饰动词,在句中表示目的、结果、原因。only to
do表示出人意料的结果。如:
We hurried to the classroom only to find none there.
in order (not) to,so as (not) to用来引导目的状语,但so as to不能
用于句首。so…as to do, such + 名词…as to do引导结果状语。如: The girl was so kind as to help the old man off the bus.
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I'm not such a fool as to believe that.
不定式还可以作修饰表语形容词或补语形容词的状语。如: He is hard to please / to get along with. Do you think him easy to work with?
注意:此时不定式用主动,而不需用被动。而且不及物动词后的
介词不能遗漏。
(5) 不定式的完成式的特殊用法。
① 表示不定式中动词发生的动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作。如:
The novel was said to have been published. I regret to have been with you for so many years.
seem,appear,be said,be supposed,be believed,be thought,be
known,be reported等常用于上面句型。
此外,glad,happy,satisfied,sorry,surprised,disappointed后也
可接不定式的完成式。
② 不定式的完成式还可表示“过去本想做某事但未做”的虚拟语气。 (A) would like/would love + 不定式的完成式。
(B) was/were + 不定式的完成式,表示该做某事或想做但未实现。 (C) expect/hope/mean/promise/suppose/think/want/wish + 不定式的完成式,表示过去未曾实现的愿望。
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(6) 不定式的省略。
① 两个并列的不定式由and或or连接时,省略后面的不定式中的to。如:
I want to finish my homework and go home. I'm really puzzled what to think or say. 特例:To be or not to be,this is a question. He is better to laugh than to cry. (表示对比)
② 句中含有动词do时,but,except,besides等后面的to可省略。即“前有do,后省to”。如:
He didn't do anything but complain.
③ why not, had better,would rather,can't… but等后省to。如:He could not but walk home. (7) 不定式的替代。
多用在同一句或联系紧密的对话中,为了避免重复,作宾语或补
语的不定式再次出现时,to后的内容常承前省略(只保留to即可)。但如果承前省略的不定式有助动词have或be的任何形式,后应该保留原形be或have。如:
Susan is not what she used to be. I'd like /love /be happy to.
— You came late this morning. You ought to have finished your homework.
— I know I ought to have.
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二、动名词
动名词具有动词和名词的特点,有一般式和完成式,有主动式和
被动式之分,在句中可以作主语、宾 语、表语和定语。 1.
时态与语态 意义 例句 动名词的基本构成和意义
表示动作与谓语Would you mind my opening the 一般式 动词同时或稍后window?你介意我打开窗户发生 表示动作先于谓语动词发生 吗? I remembered having been taken to Beijing three times. 我记得自己被带到北京三次。 They were praised for having 主动语态 逻辑主语是动名finished the work ahead of time. 词动作的执行者 他们因提前完成工作而受到表扬。 被动语态
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完成式 逻辑主语是动名No one likes being laughed at in 词的承受者 public. 没有人愿意当众被嘲笑。