分词的时态意义和语态意义不同于谓语动词的时态和语态，非谓语的时态意义和语态意义都是相对而言的。具体地说，非谓语动词的时态意义是和主句谓语动词相对而言，例如：如果分词的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生，则可能用现在分词一般式，如果是在主句谓语动词之前发生，则可能用现在分词完成式。而语态意义则和分词的逻辑主语有关，如果分词的动作与其逻辑主语是主动关系，则用现在分词，如果与其逻辑主语是被动关系，则可能用现在分词的被动式，或过去分词。所谓的逻辑主语即句子中与分词形成逻辑关系的名词或代词。例如：分词作状语和表语时，其逻辑主语就是句子的主语。分词作定语，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词或代词。分词作宾语补足语，其逻辑主语就是句子的宾语。 2．

分词的句法功能

(1) 作定语

Mike held a burning stick and Tom carried a gun. (The stick was burning.)

How I regretted the hours wasted in the woods and fields(＝that had

been wasted …)!

Asia is the largest continent, covering one third of the earth's land

area (＝which covers …).

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分词短语作定语有时和它所修饰的名词或代词发生分隔开来的现

象。

There is a notice on the blackboard reading “An examination will be

given next week. (＝which reads…)” (2) 作表语

We were excited at the news.

His shoes were old and worn.

(3) 作补语

包括宾语补足语和主语补足语。常用于see, leave, watch, hear, feel,

find, have, keep等动词之后以及with复合结构中。

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I saw Tom coming out of the house.

No tricky words would move him. He kept his mouth tightly closed. We mustn't leave the work unfinished.

He stood for some time with his hand still raised.

(4) 作状语

分词作状语常表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随或结果、附加

说明等。

Reading the letter, I couldn't help thinking of my school life. (时间状

语)

Being ill, I didn't go to school yesterday. (原因状语)

Not having done it as he told us to, we were scolded. (原因状语) Working hard, you will succeed. (条件状语) He came running all the way. (方式状语)

The children headed towards school, followed by their dogs. (伴随状

语)

He dropped the plate, breaking it into hundreds of pieces. (结果状语)

If the advertising fails, having no effect on sales, the whole

programme will be reviewed. (附加说明)

注意：

分词作结果状语往往表示意料中的结果，而不定式作结果状语则

表示意料之外的结果。试比较：

A terrible storm hit the area, causing great damage to the crops. He arrived to the station only to find the train had already left.

分词作状语时有时前面可加有连词。如：

Once, while working on a new invention, Edison made 8,000 tests

without success.

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I won't go to his party unless invited. The beggar waited as if expecting more.

(5) 作插入语的分词独立结构

分词作插入语的结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。

如：

generally speaking一般说来 talking of (speaking of)说到 strictly speaking 严格地说 judging from 从……判断

all things considered 从整体来看

taking all things into consideration全面看来

Judging from his face, he must be ill.从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。 Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 总的来说，狗比猪

跑得快。(speaking不是dogs的动作)

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