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?S?250273?12.31000273?12.3 ?24.14ln??75.40ln118.71273?20018273?10=8.206J?K?1
5.1mol水在100 oC和101.325kPa向真空蒸发,变成100 oC和101.325kPa的水蒸气,试计算此过程的?S体系、?S环境、?S总,并判断此过程是否自发。 解:1mol 1mol
??100oC 100C ????o
p环?0?S,?S环,?S总101.325kPa 101.325kPa
H2O (l) H2O(g)
?H40.64?103?S???109J?K?1
T373?S环??Q??U??pV???H????100.7J?K?1 T环T环T环?S总??S??S环=8.3J?K?1>0
该过程自发进行。
6.试计算-10oC和101.325kPa下,1mol水凝结成这一过程的?S体系、?S环境和
?S总,并判断此过程是否为自发过程。
-10oC -10oC
101.325kPa ?S 101.325kPa 1mol 1mol
H2O (l) H2O(s)
?S1 ?S3
0oC 0oC 101.325kPa 101.325kPa 1mol 1mol
H2O
(l) ?S2 H2O (s)
解:?S1?nCp.m.H2O?1?ln精品文档
273?2.81J?K?1?mol?1 263精品文档
?S2??H?6025???22.07J?K?1?mol?1 T273263?S3?nCp.m.H2O?s?ln??1.40J?K?1?mol?1
273?S??S1??S2??S3??20.66J?K?1
?H1?nCp.m.H2O?1??273?263??754.0J?mol?1
?H2??6025J?mol?1
?H3?nCp.m.H2O?S??263?273???375.1J?mol?1
?H??H1??H2??H3??5646.1J?mol?1
?S环???H5646.1??21.47J?K-1 T环263?S总??S??S环?0.82J?K?1?0
该过程可以自发进行。
7.有一物系如图所示,将隔板抽去,求平衡后?S。设气体的均是28.03J?K?1?mol?1。
1mol氧气 1mol氢气 10oC,V 20oC,V
解:设混合后温度为toC
1?Cp.m?t?10??1?Cp.m?t?20??0t?15oC?SO2?nCv.mlnT2V273?152V?nRln2?1??28.03?8.31?ln?nRln?6.11J?K?1?mol?1T1V273?10VT2V273?152V?nRln2?1??28.03?8.31?ln?1?8.31ln?5.42J?K?1?mol?1T1V1273?10V?Sn2?nCV.mln?S??SO2??SH2?11.53J?K?1?mol?18.在温度为25oC的室内有一冰箱,冰箱内的温度为0oC。试问欲使1kg水结成冰,至少须做功若干?此冰箱对环境放热若干?已知冰的熔化热为334.7J?g?1. 解:可逆热机效率最大
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??Q1T1273.2???10.928?WT2?T1298.2?273.2Q1?334.7?1000?30.63kJ?10.928Q2?Q1?W?334.7?30.63?365.3kJ?W?
9.有一大恒温槽,其温度为96.9oC,室温为26.9oC,经过相当时间后,有4184J的热因恒温绝热不良而传给室内空气,试求: (1) 恒温槽的熵变; (2) 空气的熵变;
(3) 试问此过程是否可逆。
Q?4184J?S槽????11.31J?K?1T273?96.9?Q4184??13.95J?K?1 解:?S空?T环273?26.9?S总??S槽??S空?2.64J?K?1?0该过程自发进行。
10.1mol甲苯在其沸点
383.2K时蒸发为气,求该过程的
Q,W,?U,?H,?S,?G和?F,已知该温度下甲苯的汽化热为362kJ?kg?1。 1mol 1mol
甲苯(l) 甲苯(s) 101.325kPa 101.325kPa 383.2K 383.2K
解:
Q??H?362?931000?U??H?p?V?33.7?1?8.314?382.2?10?3?30.5kJ?H33.7?10383.23?33.7kJW?Q??U?3.2kJ?S?T?G?0??87.9J?K?1
?A??3.2KJ??A??WR?
11.1molO2于298.2K时:(1)由101.3kPa等温可逆压缩到608.0kPa,求Q,W,?U,?H,?A,?G,?S和?S孤;(2)若自始至终用608.0 kPa的外压,等温压缩到终态,求上述各热力学量的变化。 解:(1)
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W?nRTlnp1101.3?1?8.314?298.2?ln??4443Jp2608.0?U?0,?H?0Q?W??4443JQ?4443?S????14.9J?K?1?mol?1T298.2?G??A??T?S?4443J
(2)
?1?8.314?298.21?8.314?298.2??W?p环?V=608?103?????12396J 33101.3?10?608.2?10?Q=W=-12396J
?U,?H,?S,?A,?G与(1)相同。
12. 25oC,1mol氧气从101.325Pa绝热可逆压缩到6?101325Pa,求Q,W,?U,?H.?G,?S。已知25 oC氧的规定熵为205.3J?K?1?mol?1。(设氧为双
77R,??) 25解:绝热可逆过程,Q=0,?S?0
1???7RCp.m?p1??T2?2?1.4 ?????,????p??T?5RCV.m?2??1?2原子理想气体,Cp.m?????T2?497.3K
5W???U??nCV.m?T2?T1????8.314??298.2?497.3???4140J27?H?nCp.m?T2?T1??1??8.314??497.3?298.2??5794J 2?G??H?S?T?5794?205.03??497.3?298.2???35056J13.0oC,1Mpa,10dm3的单原子理想气体,绝热膨胀至0.1 Mpa,计算Q,W,?U,?H,?S。(a)p外?p;(b)p外?0.1MPa;(c)p外?0。(单原子分子理想气体,CV.m?35R,??) 23解:(a) p外?p的绝热过程为可逆过程。
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113?p1??1??V2??V??p?1?0.1??10?39.8???2?p1V11?106?10?10?3n???4.403molRT18.314?273.2?p2V20.1?106?39.8?10?3T2???108.7KnR4.403?8.314QR?03WR??U?nCV.m?T2?T1??4.403??8.314??108.7?273.2???903325?H?nCp.m?T2?T1??4.403??8.314??108.7?273.2???15.06?103J2?S?0(b)是不可逆过程
?U??W,nCV.m?T2?T1???p外?V2?V1??T2T1?3nR?T2?T1???p外nR?????2?p2p1?TT?T?3??T2?T1???0.1??2?1????T2?1?210??0.11??T1?273.2K,则T2?174.8KV2?nRT24.403?8.3145?174.8??63.99dm36p20.1?10
3?W??U?nCV.m?T2?T1??4.403??8.314?174.8?273.2???5043J25?H?nCp.m?T2?T1??4.403??8.3145?174.8?273.2???9006J2TV?S?nCV.mln2?nRln2T1V15174.863.99?4.403??8.3145ln?4.403?8.3145ln?43.43J?K?12273.210
(c)Q=0,W=0,?U?0,?H?0
?S?nCp.mlnT2pp?nRln1?nRln1?84.29J?K?1 T1p2p214.在25 oC,101.325kPa下,1mol过冷水蒸气变为25 oC,101.325kPa的液态水,
求此过程的?S及?G。已知25 oC水的饱和蒸气压为3.1674kPa,汽化热为2217kJ?kg?1。上述过程能否自发进行?
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