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动词不定式复合结构\名词(或代词宾格) + 动词不定式\

在这种结构中的for本身无意义。名词(或代词宾格)形式上是for的宾语,但在逻辑上可以说是动词不定式的主语。这种不定式复合结构在句子里可作下列成分:

1)主语

For us to learn foreign languages is important.学习外语对我们来说是重要的。 在句中,for us在逻辑上是to learn foreign languages的主语。这种结构作主语时,和简单的动词不定式结构一样,一般都用引词讧来代表并放在句首,\+ 名词 (或代词宾格) + 不定式\则放在句末。如:

It is important for us to learn foreign languages.

It is necessary for us to learn from each other.我们必须相互学习。 2)表语

It is for you to decide.这得由你决定。 3)宾语

Can you arrange for a car to take us there?你能安排一辆汽车送我们到那里去吗? 4)定语

There is a lo to work for us to do.有很多工作要我们去做。 5)状语

The policeman blew his whistle for the carts to stop.警察吹哨要那几辆大车停下来。(作目的状语)

[英语语法手册]非限定动词 E 动词不定式一般式所表示的时间关系

1)动词不定式一般式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。如: I saw him go out.我看见他出去了。(saw与go out两个动作同时发生)

Would you help me put things in order before we leave?在我们离开之前,你帮我整理一下东西好吗?(would help和put同时发生)

2)但在很多情况下,动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之后;如: I hope to see you again.我希望再见到你。(to see这个动作发生在hope之后) The boy said he wanted to be a scientist.这男孩说他想做一个科学家。(to be在wanted之后)

动词不定式的时态形式

动词不定式通常有三种时态形式,现以write为例: 一般式to write进行式to be writing 完成式 to have written 动词不定式完成式的用法

动词不定式完成式表示的动作发生在限定动词表示的动作之前。如:

I am sorry to have kept you waiting.对不起,叫你久等了。(to have kept发生在am所表示的时间之前)

She seems to have read the book before.她好像看过这本书。(to have read发生在seems所表示的时间之前)

The battery appears to have run down.这组电池好像已经用完了。(to have run down发生在appears所表示的时间之前)

但在下面句子中,动词不定式表示\动作没有完成\:

We were to have met at ten.我们本来是约定十点钟见面的。(结果未见面)

动词不定式进行式的用法

动词不定式进行式表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。如: He see ms to be recovering.他看来在康复。

When he came in,I happened to be lying on the bed,reading. 他进来的时候,我碰巧正躺在床上看书。

[英语语法手册]非限定动词 E 动词不定式的被动语态

动词不定式有两种被动语态形式: 一般式to be written 完成式to have been written 例:

The next thing to be done is to carry away the earth.下-步要做的事是把土运走。 No harm seems to have been done.似乎并没有造成损害。 分裂不定式

有时在不定式符号\和动词原形之间插入一个副词,这种现象叫做分裂不定式(split infinitive)。插入动词不定式的副词,习惯上往往与不定式动词连在一起。如:

He likes to half close his eyes.他喜欢半闭着眼睛。

Our object is to further cement friendly relations between the two countries.我们的目的是进一步加强两国之间的友好关系。

At first he wasn't interested in bookkeeping,but later he began to actually like it.起初他对会计工作没有兴趣,但到后来倒喜欢起它来了

[英语语法手册]非限定动词 F 动名词

意义、形式和特征

1)动名词(gerund)为非限定动词的一种,由动词原形加词尾-ing构成,与现在分词同形,动名词有动词和名词的特征。

2)动名词的动词特征: a)动名词可以有宾语。如:

I have finished repairing that machine.我修完那台机器了。 b)动名词可以用状语来修饰。如:

They have started working in the apple-orchard.他们已经开始在苹果园里劳动了。 动名词加宾语或状语构成动名词短语,如上两例中的

repairing that machine和working in the apple-orchard。 3)动名词的名词特征 在句中可作主语、宾语等。如:

Getting up early is a good habit.起早是个好习惯。(动名词getting up作主语) The foreign visitors enjoyed seeing Chinese acrobatics.外宾喜欢看中国杂技。(动名词seeing作宾语)

用法动名词可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。 1)作主语:

Seeing is believing.百闻不如一见。

Reading aloud is very important in learning English.学习英语朗读很重要。 Looking down on women is feudal ideology.轻视妇女是封建意识。

[注]在下面结构中,亦可用引词讧作形式主语,把意义上的主语即动名词放在句末。如: It's no use over spilt milk.牛奶打翻了哭也没有用。(作无益的后悔没有用) It's no good talking about it.谈也无用。 2)作表语:

Her job was looking after the pigs.她的工作是喂猪。 His hobby is collecting stamps.他爱好集邮。

[注] 动名词作表语时,不可与进行时态相混淆。试比较: She was washing clothes. (过去进行时) 她正在洗衣服。

Her job was washing clothes. (动名词) 她的工作是洗衣服。 3)作宾语:

a)作直接宾语,用在begin,start,stop,finish,like等动词后面。如: please stop talking.请不要讲话。

You must practise reading English aloud.你应练习朗读英语。 b)作介词的宾语。如:

My sister is fond of reading novels.我姐姐喜欢看小说。

We're tired of having the same kind of food everyday.我们对天天吃同样的饭菜感到厌倦。

Instead of going to Zhongshan park,they went to the ZOO.他们没有去中山公园,到动物园去了。

Mr. Bush earns his living by teaching.布什先生以教书为生。