In the early years of film New York City was characterized as urbane and sophisticated. By the city’s crisis period in the 1970s, however, films like Midnight Cowboy, The French Connection, Marathon Man, and Death Wish showed New York as full of chaos and violence. With the city’s renaissance in the 1980s and 1990s came new portrayals on television; Friends, Seinfeld, and Sex and the City showed life in the city to be glamorous and interesting. Nonetheless a disproportionate number of crime dramas, such as Law & Order, continue to make criminality in the city their subject, even as New York has become the safest large city in the United States in the last two decades.

Unit7

Task1

1. Apologies are in order (appropriate under the circumstances) when Mr. Smith is mistaken for Mr. Jones.

2. Human nature is the basis of character, temperament and disposition (a particular type of character which makes someone likely to behave or react in a certain way). 3. It is only the surface that is capable of alteration, improvement and refinement (improving something; making something better than it was before). 4. Man’s majesty and nobility are taken for granted, although his faults and weaknesses are constantly paraded (to show something publicly) before our eyes. 5. But the murderer, robber or wife beater is singled (to separate or choose from a group, especially for special treatment or notice) out for publicity, because such conduct is unusual.

6. Every man unfolds a distinct (separate, clearly different in quality, belonging to a different and particular type) character over which circumstances and education have only the most limited control.

7. He was made to advance; the power to do so distinguishes (to be the thing that makes someone or something different or special) him from the animal. 8. Each holds to the structure of the mold into which the soul was cast (to shape [metal or other material] by pouring it into a mold while molten) at the time of its individualization. 9. One plunges into the surf (the mass or line of foam formed by waves breaking on a seashore or reef) and rescues a swimmer from drowning; another dashes into a burning house and carries a stranger to safety.

10. Human nature does not and cannot change but unfolds ([something] opens out, develop) its inherent pattern. Task2

1. There is little point putting an indestructible door in a frame that will rot in years. 2. A woman mistook him for a well-known actor, and asked him for his autograph. 3. In their lessons at school, boys and girls may learn about such virtues as unselfishness, courage, discipline and love of one’s country.

4. Democracy, no matter imperfect, is still the best method of government. 5. Max walked past her, without acknowledging her presence by the slightest alteration in his expression.

6. Whether she is victim or traitor remains unknown. 7. A considerable amount of research was done here by our science department. 8. She may be stupid, but she’s not a liar. 9. We are a multi-national corporation with employees worldwide. 10. As the story unfolds, we learn more about Max’s childhood.

11. The new theory is a refinement of Corbin’s theory of personality development. 12. Andrew Carnegie was a true philanthropist, giving away millions to charity. 13. The criminal was sent to prison for years. 14. Lisa is deaf in one ear and partially blind. 15. His modesty is proverbial.

Unit10

Task1

1. The academy holds a highly privileged place in American society because of a long-standing national consensus/agreement about the value of education. 2. She gave a staggeringly/amazingly good performance in the TV program as a police officer investigating a murder.

3. The President expects that the research team will work together to explore the complex issues in an open and collegial/cooperative manner to find a solution. 4. A monk who lives in a monastery or temple has a relaxed and peaceful life of contemplation/thinking. 5. Iron began to supersede/replace bronze for tool making about years ago. 6. She was starting out over the lake, composing/creating a poem in her mind. 7. Not all countries appoint a poet laureate/honored but most countries have many poets. 8. We cannot predict with any accuracy how current discoveries and scholarship/learning will influence future generations. 9. We also have an obligation to ensure that the scholarly work of the academy is widely disseminated/spread. 10. It would take nearly a book in itself to explain the scope, rigor/strictness, and stress of those tests. Task2

1. To solve a problem you have to understand its underlying causes. 2. Once we’re had the disease, we’re usually immune for life. 3. I was rather quiet as I didn’t feel I had much wisdom to impart on the subject. 4. A broad and balanced education is an imperative for raising standards. 5. The fort was vulnerable to attack from the north. 6. Their ideas diffused quickly across Europe. 7. Economic concerns are foremost in many voters’ minds. 8. I went to a scholarly lecture this morning. 9. The report illuminated the different issues at the heart of scientific policy. 10. He is a man of ambition and eloquence. Task3

The moral imperative begins by considering the value of education which is

much deeper than earning potential or building human capital. Education is what it takes to lead fuller lives and to contribute to our nation and the world. Higher education in particular affords students the opportunities to explore history, debate important issues, and discover their passions and potential.

Our founders understood how important education is to the idea of America as a just, equitable, and productive society. A nation of educated individuals is more likely to strengthen the institutions: in government, in business and in the schools they rely upon.

Consider graduation rates. Fifteen percent of our high schools produce half of our dropouts, and these schools are disproportionately in low-income areas with mostly minority students. Nationally, one of every two African American and Hispanic students drops out of high school.

If we are a nation dedicated to equality, we cannot be satisfied with the status quo. Helping more students make it to college and succeed there is a morally urgent challenge.