These reflections, which led Watt to the science of radar, are now used a great deal. Radar instruments can show the direction and distance of aircraft. The signal are reflected only when the instrument points at the aircraft; this shows the direction. How do we find the distance?

Electromagnetic waves travel at a speed of 186,300 miles per second. We know when the signal is sent out; we notice when it is received back. The signal takes a small part of a second to go and return, but this time is known. So we know the distance from the ground to the plane.

Radar is very important to ships on the sea. In most big ships, a radar instrument is always watching the sea on all sides. If any other ship reflects its signal, a white spot is shown on a screen on board. Big aircraft also use radar. The instrument finds other aircraft in the sky. A man’s eye is not good enough to do this because it cannot see far enough; but the radar beam can see for many miles.

1. According to the passage, the science of radar is based on _________.

A. television signals

B. solid objects reflecting television signals C. the reflection of the radio signals D. the picture on the TV screen 2. By radar instruments people can tell __________.

A. the distance of an object B. the direction of an object C. the pilot of an aircraft D. both A) and B)

3. The author of the passage suggests that people can estimate the distance to a plane __.

A. by timing the interval between a signal and its reflection B. by pointing the instrument at the object C. by watching it on the screen

D. by reflecting signals from the plane 4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?

A. Radio signals are reflected from an obstruction.

B. A flying plane will affect the picture on the TV screen nearby. C. An aircraft reflects the picture in a troublesome way. D. Radar instruments are important in navigation. 5. In writing this passage the writer’s purpose is to _________. A. improve the picture on the television screen B. show the use of radar

C. design the new ships and aircraft

D. invent an instrument which can see farther than a man’s eye

Part V. Cloze.

Direction: Fill in each blank with a preposition or an adverb from the box. Notice that there are more words than necessary and some words may be used more than one time.

Exercise 1 on still for even up about of in perhaps although at down Some people argue that the pressures (1) international sportsmen and sportswomen kill the essence (2) sport: the pursuit of personal excellence. Children kick a football around (3)____ fun. When they get older and play for local school teams, they become competitive but they (4) enjoy playing. The individual representing his country can not afford to think (5) enjoying

himself; he has to think only about winning. He is responsible (6) an entire nation’s hopes, dreams and reputation.

A good example is the football World Cup. Football is the world’s most important sport. It is (7)_____ more important now that the United States is seriously taking it (8)_____. Winning the World Cup is (9)_____ the summit of international sporting success. Mention ― Argentina‖ to someone and the chances are that he’ll think of football. In a sense, winning the World Cup ― put Argentina (10)____ the map‖.

Exercise 2 that from several to every up over than whose however out more about usually at on

The sum spent on books and magazines seems small. Most families take (1)____ least one daily newspaper and a Sunday paper. They may take several weekly magazines, (2)_______ including the Radio Times. This gives then the weekly programs of the BBC. The small sum spent (3)____ books does not mean that people do very little reading. Millions of cheap, paperback books are bought (4)______ month. There are good public libraries everywhere (5)_____ which books may be borrowed. (6)_________ one million books are taken (7)_________ from these libraries every week-day. In some homes, (8)__________, there is less serious reading now (9)_________ there was fifty years ago. Many people prefer to listen to the radio, or see films or watch television. Many people seem to prefer popular picture magazines to magazines (10)______ contain serious reading.

Part VI. Translation

Direction: Translate each of the sentences into English.

1. 自从她成为一名医生以来，她就致力于癌症（cancer）的治疗。(to devote … to …) 2. 我一直盼望着能和他见面，但没有机会。请向他转达我的问候。(to long to …) 3. 最后老师们终于相信，这个小男孩没有在考试中作弊。(to convince) 4. 她宁愿花十块钱买一支口红（lipstick），也不愿花一块钱买一本书。(rather … than …) 5. 如果有机会去太空旅行的话，我将把火星和金星算在行程内。(to count in …)

6. 由于缺钱，他们暂缓修理房顶，尽管它漏得很厉害。(delay)

7.在最近的时装展览会上，新设计的多种多样色彩和款式的冬装吸引了在场的每个人。(range)

8.他宁愿听别人说话，而不愿自己多说。(would rather)

9.她已经三个多月没收到儿子的来信了，她非常担心他的安全。(concern)

10.每个人都很清楚，他不愿意让哪个新来的人与他合用他的办公室。(It…that…) 11. 直到看到了你的来信，我才逐渐意识到我冤枉了你。(It was not until…) 12. 出席这个会议对你对我都是很重要的。(as well as) 13. 科学领域的发现常常被运用到工业生产上去。(apply)

14. 这个小男孩通过嫌疑犯（suspect）脸上的伤疤而将他从人群中认了出来。(identify) 15. 杰出的语言学家史密斯教授的讲座是学生们受益匪浅。(benefit)

Part VII Writing (1)

Direction: Read the following article and write a coherent passage to summarize the main ideas of the article, using the questions provided as your reference. Passage (1)

Entertainment at No Cost

Most of us equate entertainment with money. Movies, concerts, and shows are enjoyable but expensive. If you think that you can’t have a good time without spending a lot of money, read on. A little resourcefulness and a few minutes of newspaper scanning should give you some pleasant surprises.

People may be the most interesting show in a large city. Stroll through busy streets and see what everybody else is doing. You will probably see people from all over the world; you will certainly see people of every age, size, and shape, and you’ll get free fashion shows, too. Window-shopping is also a safe sport—if the stores are closed.

Check the listings in your neighborhood paper. Local colleges or schools often welcome the public to hear an interesting speaker or a good debate. The film or concert series at the local public library probably won’t cost you a penny. Be sure to check commercial advertisements too. A flea market can provide hours of pleasant browsing. Perhaps you can find a free cooking or crafts demonstration in a department store.

How about some outdoor music? Street musicians are usually delighted to have an appreciative audience even if you can’t afford to throw a dime or a quarter into their hats. On a good day you may have your choice of classical, rock, folk, blues, or bluegrass music, plus a lot of warm sunshine and fresh air. Concerts like these don’t offer cushioned seats or scheduled starting times, but you will find them if you follow the crowds around stores or theatres. Magicians, mimes, jugglers, clowns, acrobats, and dancers sometimes put on free shows too. Keep you eyes open! Try the city parks, too, for an occasional last-minute concert put together by friends. On your way home, stop at a playground with full-size swings and be a kid again.

Plan ahead for some activities. It is always more pleasant not to have people in front of you in a museum or at the zoo. You may save some money, too, since these places often set aside one or two free admission days at slow times during the week. Pretend that you are a tourist from time to time, and get to know your city all over again including the indispensable sights that people travel miles to see. If you feel like taking an interesting walk, find a free walking tour, or plan one yourself. You will see your city in a new perspective once you know more about its history or its architectural treasures. With imagination and a spirit of adventure you can quite easily find good entertainment at no cost at all.

Questions to consider for writing the passage: 1. What do many people think about entertainment?

2. Do people always have to pay a lot of money in order to have a good time? 3. What can people see when they stroll through busy streets?

4. Under what condition is window-shopping a harmless amusement? 5. What other free entertainment can people get? 6. What do street musicians provide people with? 7. What can people do from time to time?

8. How can people easily find good entertainment at no cost at all?

Passage (2)

Why Early Bird

Microwaves that transmit television signals always travel in a straight line. Because the earth is round, it’s impossible to send live television by direct transmission over a long distance. For example, if we tried to send television directly from Europe to America, the microwaves carrying the signals would shoot into space over the Atlantic and would never reach America.

If we want to send television signals around the curve of the earth, we must send them from point to point by a relay system. On land we can set up relay station for this purpose, and we can pass signals from station to station in a series of straight lines. However, we cannot do this so easily over water. In order to send pictures directly across the Atlantic, for example, we would need to erect a chain of relay stations across the ocean, which is approximately 3,000 miles wide. One alternative would be to erect one enormous tower in the middle of the ocean. But the tower would have to be 500 miles high!

Both of these ideas are impossible. So we use a communications satellite thousands of miles away in outer space to relay the television signals across the Atlantic. The satellite receives the picture signals in a straight line from a ground station on one side of the Atlantic, from England, for example. Then it sends the signals down again, also in a straight line, to a ground station on the other side of the Atlantic in the United States. The communications satellite must be within view of both ground stations at the same time.

Early Bird was the first communications satellite to act as a relay station between Europe and America. It was launched from Cape Kennedy in Florida in 1965, and it is