It was possibly because of the undeveloped technology of the period _______________
III. Translate the following into English
1. 我们并不寻求与世隔绝；事实上，只要我们觉得自己孤单，就会轻轻敲一下开关，通过电视屏幕将整个世界带到眼前。所以难怪，厚实的围墙现已过时，而我们建起了用金属箔和玻璃做材料的薄膜幕墙。 2. 在原始社会，人类把世界描绘成巨大而可怕，充满仇恨而且不为人类所驾驭的地方。因此他们用巨石建起坚厚的墙，生活在墙后局限的空间里，他们会觉得自如与安全。这些厚墙表达人们对外界的恐惧和对于寻求保护的迫切感，尽管这些墙起不了实际的保护作用。也许有人会争辩道，那是因为当时的技术不发达，所以人们无法建造更为精巧的墙。这话当然没错，但是促使人们建造围墙的首先并非技术问题，而是人类对于世界的恐惧心理，恐惧心理越强烈，墙就建得越厚实，直到古代君王的墓里我们发现基本是由墙式的结构所组成，因为对于死亡的恐惧是人们最强烈的恐惧。
3. 新的建筑批评理论把建筑学视作表达人的态度、偏见、禁忌和理想的媒介。正是在这一点上，他与古典美学分道扬镳。后者纯粹以比例、结构等作为审美的依据，在社会学与心理学交织的时代，围墙不仅仅是围墙，而且还是人们心中隔阂的具体象征。
4. 如今墙的主要功能在于把外界令人不舒服的空气尽可能的隔绝出去，使我们能尽享自己创造的受控的温度与湿度环境。玻璃可以圆满地担负此任，不过还有许多人们似乎仍然对于在众目睽睽之下就餐、就寝和更衣有所顾虑，它们需要至少能为他们提供足够安全和隐私感的墙。
5. 总而言之，决定我们如何建造围墙的因素并非是我们的先进技术，而是我们对于世界不断改变的看法。玻璃墙表达了人类能够并且确实驾驭自然和社会的坚定信念。开放式的设计和一览无遗的景色恰切的表达了人类通过不断的科学努力最终解决一切难题的信心。
6. 今天，我们对于隐私的看法已经截然不同了。其中一个原因是，我们不再依赖物质的屏障来控制人与人之间的敌对局面，我们除了依靠摩托化的警力之外，主要还是依靠法律和社会惯例来使人们达成共识，化解分歧。我们并不像我们的祖先那样看重隐私。我们很乐意看到自己的女人抛头露面，被人仰慕。
IV. Cloze
It is in the understanding of architecture as a (1)m for the expression of (2)h____ attitudes, prejudices, taboos, and ideals (3)t the new architectural criticism (4)d______ from classical aesthetics. The latter relied (5)u pure proportion, composition, etc., as bases (6)f artistic judgment. (7)I the age of sociology (8)a psychology, (9)w______ are not simply walls but physical (10)s of the barriers in men?s minds.
We feel different today. For one thing, we (11)p_____ greater reliance upon the control of human hostility, not so (12)m_____ by physical barriers, as by the conventions of law and social (13)p_____ --- as well as the availability of motorized police. We do not cherish privacy as (14)m_____ as did our ancestors. We are (15)p_____ to have our women seen and (16)a_____, and the same goes for our homes. We do not seek solitude; in (17)f_____, if we find ourselves alone for once, we (18)f_____ a switch and invite the whole world in
From:
18
M. A. Miller, pp. 266—269
(19)t_____ the television screen. Small wonder, then, that the (20)h_____ surrounding wall is obsolete, and we build, instead, membranes of this sheet metal or glass.
The principal function of today?s wall is to (21)s possibly undesirable outside air from the controlled (22)c of temperature and humidity (23)w we have created (24)i . Glass may accomplish this (25)f , though there are apparently a good many (26)p who still have qualms (27)a eating, sleeping, and dressing (28)u_______ conditions of high visibility; they (29)d walls that will at (30)l give them a sense of adequate screening.
To repeat, it is not our advanced technology, (31)b our changing conceptions of ourselves in (32)r to the world (33)t determine how we shall build our (34)w . The glass wall expresses man?s conviction that he can and does (35)m_______ nature and society. The “open plan” and the unobstructed view are consistent (36)w his faith in the eventual solution of all (37)p through the expanding efforts of science. This is perhaps (38)w it is the most “advanced” and “forward-looking” among us (39)w live and work in glass houses. (40)E the fear of the cast stone has been analyzed out of us.
V. Proofreading:
The following passages contain several errors each, each line with a maximum of one error. And ATTENTION, some lines might be free from error. In each case only one word is involved. You should proofread the passage and correct the errors in the following way: In a primitive society, for example, men pictured the world as large, fearsome, hostile, and beyond human control. (1)Therefore they built heavy walls of huge boulder, behind 1. (2)which they could feel themselves to be in a delimited room 2. (3)that was controllable and safe, these heavy walls 3. (4)expressed man?s fear of the outer space and his need to find 4. (5)protection, wherever illusory. It might be argued that the 5. (6)undeveloped technology of the period precluded the 6. (7)construction of the more delicate walls. This is of course 7. (8)true. Yet, it was not technology, but a fearful attitude 8. (9)toward the world, which made people want to build walls in 9. the first place. The greater the fear, the heavier the wall, until in the tombs of ancient kings we find structures that are (10)practically all wall; the fear of dissolution being the 10. ultimate fear. Text II
Rewrite the following
For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.
1. Regardless of status, it is nearly always the new arrival who makes the body-cross
movement, because it is he who is invading the home territory of the greeters.
From:
19
M. A. Miller, pp. 266—269
As the invader of the home territory the greeters, the new arrival, ___________ 2. Only if they are extremely subordinate to the new arrival, and perhaps in serious
trouble with him, will there be a likelihood of them taking the “body-cross role”.
Except in the case of an extremely subordinating relation to the new arrival, or perhaps of a serious trouble with him,___________________________ 3. If a social situation is in any way threatening, then there is an immediate urge to set up
such a barricade.
Being in any threatening social situation, people will___________________ 4. If the insensitive intruder continues to approach despite these obvious signals of fear,
then there is nothing for the tiny child but to scream or flee.
Faced with the insensitive intruder who continues to approach despite these obvious signals of fear, the tiny child__________________ 5. In teenage girls this pattern may still be detected in the giggling cover-up of the face,
with hands or papers, when acutely or jokingly embarrassed.
When teenage girls, in acute or joking embarrassment, cover up their faces with hands or papers,___________________________
References to the exercises
Text I
I. Paraphrase
1. to whom a good deal of modern architecture is unnerving: discouraging 2. a tangible commodity: material 3. that could be hefted: lifted for making out the weight 4. to attract the custom of a sensible man: business patronage 5. If a building's design made it appear impregnable: firm enough 6. the institution was necessarily sound: in good condition 7. the meaning of the heavy wall…dwelt in the prevailing attitude toward money, rather than in any aesthetic theory: was based on , on
8. the most valuable elements are dash and a creative flair for the invention of large numbers: vigor and a creative ability
9. the door to the vault, far from being secluded and guarded, is set out: not at all 10.the older bank asserted its invulnerability: showed forcefully its freedom from harm 11.it is hard to say where architecture ends and human assertion begins: expression of human attitudes
12.walls are not simply walls but physical symbols of the barriers in men's minds: fears 13.they could feel themselves to be in a delimited space: space with fixed limits 14.the undeveloped technology of the period precluded the construction of more delicate walls: made impossible
15.the fear of dissolution being the ultimate fear: death 16.it has become questionable: not certain From:
20
M. A. Miller, pp. 266—269
17.Men were dirty, prying, vile, and dangerous: nosy, evil 18.the rooms faced not out, but in, toward a patio: inner roofless yard 19.engaging in the intimate activities of a personal as against a public life: rather than 20.The rich intricacies of the decorative arts of the period: complex details 21….are as illustrative of this attitude as the walls themselves: illustrate as much 22.by the conventions of law and social practice: agreements 23.and the same goes for our homes: is true for 24.Glass may accomplish this function: perform well 25.people who still have qualms about eating…under conditions of high visibility: unpleasant feelings
26.walls that will at least give them a sense of adequate screening: privacy due to separation 27.the toilette taboo being still unbroken: forbidden practice 28.To repeat, it is our changing conceptions of ourselves in relation to the world that determine: In a word, it is our attitudes toward
29.The \solution of all problems: view free from obstruction squarely express
II. Rewrite the following
1. The architecture itself didn?t cause so much of my father?s negative response as a violation of his concept of the nature of money did. 2. We are changing our conceptions of ourselves in relation to the world, which, instead of our advanced technology, is the determining factor of how we shall build our walls. 3. A building?s apparently impregnable design made not only the building itself necessarily sound but also its heavy wall as an architectural symbol significant, because of the prevailing attitude toward money, rather than of any aesthetic theory. 4. Understanding architecture as a medium for the human attitudes, prejudices, taboos, and ideals, the new architectural criticism differs from classical aesthetics. 5. It was possibly because of the undeveloped technology of the period that the construction of more delicate walls became impossible.
III. Translate the following into English
1. We do not seek solitude; in fact, if we find ourselves alone for once, we flick a switch and invite the whole world in through the television screen. Small wonder, then, that the heavy surrounding wall is obsolete, and we build, instead, membranes of this sheet metal or glass.
2. In a primitive society, for example, men pictured the world as large, fearsome, hostile, and beyond human control. Therefore they built heavy, walls of huge boulders, behind which they could feel themselves to be in a delimited space that was controllable and safe; these heavy walls expressed man?s fear of the outer world and his need to find protection, however illusory. It might be argued that the undeveloped technology of the period precluded the construction of more delicate walls. This is of course true. Still, it was not technology, but a fearful attitude toward the world, which made people want to build walls in the first place. The greater the fear, the heavier the wall, until in the tombs of ancient kings we find structures that are practically all wall, the fear of dissolution being the ultimate fear.
From:
21
M. A. Miller, pp. 266—269