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C. 京剧是中国的国粹。外国人不太适应京剧高亢的唱腔，令人发疯的打击乐和缓慢的节奏，但喜欢它的服装和脸谱。脸谱是京剧中塑造人物形象的重要手段。家喻户晓的武将关羽的脸谱用红色，代表仁义忠勇。而白色代表奸诈，黑色代表正直不阿，黄色是骁勇凶狠，蓝绿色多用于绿林好汉，金银色多用于神佛。
Peking Opera is the cream of Chinese culture. Foreigners may not like shrieking singing, the noisy percussions and slow, monotonous pace. They enjoy the costumes and the facial masks better. Facial masks can reflect the qualities of different characters. The facial mask for Guan Yu, a well-known warrior, is painted red for loyalty and courage. In general, white usually represents
treachery, black represents righteousness, yellow represents bravery, blue and green represent rebellious fighters while gold and silver represent divinity and Buddhism.
8. The Construction of Residential House住宅的结构
A. 四合院是从明代的北京延续下来的古典建筑风格的住宅。标准的四合院通常由一个位于中心的院子和四侧的房屋构成。门通常漆成红色，并有大的铜门环。通常情况下，全家人住在大院。北端的正房由长辈住，年轻一代生活在两侧的房子，朝南的房子里是家庭客厅或书房。四合院之间狭窄的街道被称为胡同。
Siheyuan is a classical architecture style of residential housing of Beijing citizens dated from the Ming Dynasty. A standard Siheyuan usually consists of houses on its four sides with a yard in the center. The gates are usually painted red and have large copper door rings. Usually, a whole family lives in compound. The elder generation lives in the main house standing at the north end, the younger generations live in the side houses, and the south house is usually the family sitting room or study. The narrow streets between the Siheyuan are called “Hutong”s.
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B. 苏州有一百多处古代的私家园林。它们以自然景观和人造建筑融为一体而著称。园林中有溪流、假山、树木、以及亭台阁桥，造成一种集诗书画于一体的诗意环境。山不在高，贵在层次，水不在深，妙在曲折。这种特有的审美观既体现了儒家文化中人与自然和谐相处的观念，也表达着道家崇尚自然的理念。 You can find over 100 private gardens from Suzhou. They are known for their skilled combination of landscapes. They use man-made structures, such as
creeks, rocks, trees, plants, pavilions, terraces and bridges. Together they create a poetic atmosphere, just like a painting that combines poems, calligraphy and scenery all in one. The rocks in the garden don’t have to be huge to look meaningful as long as they are arranged in order. The same is true with the creeks. It is not the length of the creeks but the turns and curves which give the garden a feeling of liveliness. The unique view is a manifestation of the
Confucian belief of harmony between man and nature and the Taoist worship of nature.
C. 但是园林似乎有太多人为的痕迹，里面多是象征性的仿造自然景观。出于古人对内敛品性的推崇，住宅被围墙围起来，与外界隔绝，也为居住者创造了安宁。过于人工化的问题渗透着传统的哲学理念：以小见大，显微知著。即透过方寸之间的变化可以领略到四季，风土，甚至宇宙的变迁，并与大自然亲近。 But there is too much human interference in traditional Chinese gardens. Inside are mostly symbolic imitation of natural landscape. To show modesty, gardens are separated from the outside world by a wall, keeping the inside quiet. Overwhelming human inference has something to do with conventional
philosophical implications, representing an interaction with the world through a potted landscape. In other words, condensed artificial landscape is enough to make you feel the change in the weather, the earth, and the universe, and to keep close the nature. Maybe this is what traditional Chinese gardens are all about.
9. Ancient trading road 古代贸易之路
A. 茶马古道源于中国古代西南边疆的茶马互市。它兴于唐宋，盛于明，衰于清。古道是个交通网络，含川藏道、滇藏道与青藏道，以川藏道开通最早，运输量最大。古道两边生活着20多个少数民族。不同地方有各自美丽而神奇的
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自然风景和传统文化。茶马古道把西南地区的民族紧紧联系在一起，巩固了祖国边疆。
The Tea-horse Road originated from ancient Chinese southwest frontier with the representative trading commodities being tea and horse. The tea-horse trade on this road began from Tang Dynasty, developed at Song Dynasty, flourished at Ming Dynasty, and declined at Qing Dynasty. Tea-horse Road is a traffic network, including Sichuan-Tibet, Yunnan-Tibet and Qinhai-Tibet ways, among which, the Sichuan-Tibet road opened the earliest with the largest traffic volume. Along the Tea-horse Ancient Road lived more than 20 minorities. Concentrations of beautiful and mysterious natural landscapes and traditional cultures developed in various sites. The Road tightly combined the ethnic groups of southwest China, and consolidated the frontier of our motherland.
B. 丝绸之路是历史上连接中国和地中海的重要的贸易路线。 西汉外交使节张骞首次出使西域。这条路因丝绸在之后的贸易中占大多数而得名。丝路始于长安，经河西走廊，到敦煌后分为三条路线，骆驼商队可穿过新疆南部，中部或北部，延伸到巴基斯坦，印度甚至罗马。它是古代欧亚之间的经济和文化交流的纽带。
The Silk Road is a historically important international trade route between China and the Mediterranean. Zhang Qian, a Western Han diplomat and envoy, first went into Western Region. The Road got its name because silk comprised a large proportion of trade along this road thereafter. This ancient road begins at Chang’an. By way of the Hexi Corridor, it reaches Dunhuang, where it divides into three routes. Caravan could choose southern, central or northern route to cover the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and extend their ways as far as Pakistan, India and even Roma. The Silk Road provided an economic and cultural link between ancient Europe and Asia.
C. 9世纪中国制陶业兴盛。但陶器不适合骆驼陆路运输，海上丝绸之路兴起。它主要有东海起航线和南海起航线。海上丝路输出的商品主要有丝绸、瓷器、茶叶和铜铁器四大宗，输入的主要是香料、花草及供宫廷赏玩的西域珍宝。海上丝路又称海上陶瓷之路、海上香药之路。明初郑和下西洋，海上丝路达到巅峰。
The ninth century witnessed the rise of Marine Silk Routes, when ceramics from China had grown popular, while camels were not suited for carrying crockery
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overland. Started from both the east China sea and south China sea, the routes sent four main commodities: silk, porcelain, tea and copper/iron products. Transported back are mainly spices, flowers and plants, and some treasures from Persia, East Africa, and India to meet the curiosity of courts. Maritime Silk Routes were also named Maritime Ceramic or Spices Routes. It reached its peak during Zheng He's voyage to the West Regions in the early Ming Dynasty.
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