☆early
first, old, ancient, primitive, previous, former, remote ☆how
describe, operate, explain, clarify, demonstrate, eludicate, expound, illustrate, interpret, account for ☆inevitable
unavoidable, certain, destined, fated, inescapable, sure ☆militant
armed, belligerent, army, weapon, warlike ☆objection
commercial challenge, complaint, disapproval, opposition, protest, query, question, remonstration ☆prevalent
common, usual, prevailing, widespread, systematic, collective, general, popular ☆reduce
curtail, cut, decrease, halve, impair, lessen, moderate, trim, slash ☆role
function (provide, support, weaken, smooth, solve), job, position, duty, post, task, contribution ☆recent
modern, current, now, nowadays, today, contemporaneous, new, novel, present, up-to-date ☆simulate
virtual, create, reproduce, pretend, imitate ☆significance
importance, milestone, impact, justification, gist, implication, point, purport, vital business, economic, financial, mercantile, profitable, pecuniary ☆worldwide
international, cosmopolitan, global, universal, ubiquitous, widespread, around the world
解决：solve, resolve, deal with, cope with, handle, tackle
十分：very much, immensely, hugely, largely, greatly, enormously, tremendously
Flaw: weakness, defect 缺点
Ability; capability, power, caliber能力
Dishonest: deceptive 不诚实的
Fair: equitable, equal, impartial, 公平的
Success: achievement, feat 成功
Reason: factor, contributor, origin, 原因
Result: outcome, consequence, implication结果
Result from: arise from, originate from, be due to, thanks to, 由于，因为
Give rise to: contribute to, lead to, result in, cause, breed, create, incur导致
Disaster: catastrophe 灾难
Pollute: contaminate 污染
Poisonous: toxic 有毒的
Decrease; fall, drop, plunge, decline, step back, downward, minimize, abate下降
Increase: rise, go up, surge, grow, 上升
Growing: increasing, rising, 上升的
Advantage: benefit, positive aspect, strength, 好处
Disadvantage: weakness, drawback, negative aspect, fault不利
Casual: arbitrary, unplanned, unexpected, 随意的
Effective: efficient, effectual, fruitful, productive, valid多效的
Criticize: reproach, blame, 批评
同义转换作为一种核心考察技能，在雅思考试听说读写四门当中都有着举足轻重的位置。口语和写作需要同义转换体现词汇水平及语言的多样性。听力原文和题目之间也必然存在同义转换以考核学员的听力理解能力。本文，朗阁海外考试研究中心将就同义转换在雅思阅读中的形式及在雅思阅读考试解题过程中的作用进行探讨。
一、词的转换
词的转换一般指的是只涉及单个单词的转换。单个单词的转换包括词性转换及同义词转换。其中词性转换是比较容易的一种，考生即便遇见不认识的单词，
也可以通过词根词缀进行猜测。如剑6中原文出现diabetes，考生并不熟悉糖尿病这个词汇，但是题目中使用的是diabetic。相信考生在定位的过程中遇见这样的转换不会出现太大的定位困难。另，在不带选项的Summary题型中，介于其很多题目仍然以细节为主，词性的转换在解题的过程中常常是一个考察的主要技能。如，
原文：Beyond this, it is also of paramount importance to recognize and understand the conventions of discourse structure, both generally and within specific subject areas.
题目要求：Complete the summary below by choosing a maximum of two words from the above paragraph to fill the spaces.
题目：To extract meaning quickly are effectively, it is also important to recognize conventional ___________ and the importance of the topic sentence and discourse markers.
这个Summary题目中的空格前的conventional 和原文当中的conventions既是一对典型的词性转换形式。考生即使对于conventional这个词不熟悉也可以根据词性转换的原则定位到原文相关的地方，对应到相应的答案the conventions of discourse structure。根据题目要求，答案的词数限定为两个词，因此答案为discourse structure。
同义词就另当别论了。同义转换如果以同义词的形式出现就很考察一个考生的词汇量了。考生如果原文或题目中有任何一个词不明白意思的话，都很有可能造成定位不到的情况或者出现理解上的误差。如，
原文：Understandings of word order, and the significance of changes in word order, are vital. The anticipation and recognition of common, acceptable and essential collocations clearly help the process of extracting information and meaning.
题目要求：Complete the summary below by choosing a maximum of two words from the above paragraph to fill the spaces.
题目： Word order is very important in predicting and __________ the most usual combinations.