定语从句（二）
一、“介词 + 关系代词”结构
1. 可代替when, where, why, that等关系词。
e.g. There is no reason for which (why) we shouldn’t be friends. 2. 介词后面的关系词不能省略。
e.g. Here is the money with which to buy a piano. 3. that前不能有介词。
4. 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的“介词 + 关系词”结构可以跟关系副词when 和where 互换。
e.g. This is the house in which I lived two years ago. = This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? = Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
二、关系副词的用法 关系副词 when where why 表示 时间 地点 原因 从句成分 时间状语 地点状语 原因状语 例句 I will never forget the day when we met there. This is the house where I was born. I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer. 备注 可用on which代替 可用in which代替 可用for which代替 （一）基本用法
关系副词起连接主句和从句的作用，又在从句中作状语，when, where和why分别表示时间，地点和原因。 1. when
在从句中作时间状语。常用on which, in which, at which, during which等代替。 e.g. April the first is the day when people make fun of others. = April the first is the day on which people make fun of others. 2. where
在从句中作地点状语。常可由in which, on which, at which, on which等取代。 e.g. This is the house where he lived two years ago. = This is the house in which he lived two years ago. 3. why
why在定语从句中作原因状语。可用for which代替。why不可引导非限定性定语从句，此时可用for which代替。
e.g. This is the reason why he went away.
= This is the reason for which he went away.
（二）关系副词常可用“介词 + 关系代词”的结构改写
这里的关系代词只限于which和whom，例如
(1) I will never forget the night when I met you for the first time. = I will never forget the night on which I met you for the first time.
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(2) This is the house in which I lived two years ago. = This is the house where I lived two years ago.
(3) We don’t know the reason for which he suddenly fell ill. = We don’t know the reason why he suddenly fell ill.
注意：并不是所有的介词 + 关系代词的结构都可用关系副词替代。 e.g. I am very impressed by the way in which he works.
这里in which 代表的是in the way, 在句中作方式状语。只有当介词 + 关系代词结构作表示时间、地点和原因的状语时，才能相应地用when, where和why代替。 （三）如何判断是用关系代词还是关系副词
这本质上取决于关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中充当的成分。前者充当主语、宾语、表语或定语，后者充当状语。
试比较下面两组句子：
(1) This is the factory that/which produces radios. This is the factory where radios are produced. 第一句中划线部分在从句中作主语，故而应选用关系代词：The factory produces radios. 而第二句中划线部分在从句中作地点状语，故而应选用关系副词：Radios are produced in the factory. (2) Do you remember the days (that) we spent together? Do you remember the days when we worked together?
第一句中关系代词在从句中作宾语：We spent the days together.
而第二句中关系副词作时间状语：We worked together during the days. （四）一些需要特殊记忆的关系词的用法 1. I don’t like the way in which he look at people.
当先行词是way时，除了in which，还可以用that来引导定语从句。that还经常省略。e.g. Judging from the way he walked, I believe he was wounded in the leg. 2. Finally came the day when he had to leave his hometown. 当先行词为time, moment, day等，并在从句中作状语时，从句也可以用that引导，that也常省略。例如：
(1) It was the first time (that) we had stayed up so late.
(2) The moment (that/when) he sent the mail, John realized what a mistake he had made.
(3) She was the only girl I went steady with during the four years (that /when) I was at university.
三、关系副词的省略
1. the time, every time, each time, the moment等后的关系副词可以省略。
e.g. By the time (when) he was fourteen years old, Jim had learnt more than two thousand English
words.
2. 在某些表示地点的名词后，关系副词有时也可以省略。如the place等。 e.g. This is the place (where) I saw him last time. 3. 先行词the reason后面的关系副词可以省略。 e.g. The reason (why) he came here is quite clear. 4. 当先行词是way时，关系副词常常省略。 e.g. I know the way (that) he learns English.
四、判断关系代词与关系副词的方法
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1. 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面没有宾语，就 必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。
e.g. (1) This is the mountain village where I visited last year. (×)
(2) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. (×) (3) This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year. (√) (4) I’ll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside. (√)
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
2. 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语），也就能正确选 择出关系代词/关系副词。
e.g. (1) Is this museum ______ you visited a few days age? A. where B. that C. on which D. the one (2) Is this the museum ______ the exhibition was held. A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 答案： 1. D 2. A
(1) 变为肯定句：This museum is _____ you visited a few days ago. (2) 变为肯定句：This is the museum _____ the exhibition was held.
在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。
而句2中, 主语、谓语、宾语俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum 词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主语、定语、宾语时，选择关系代词who, whom, that, which, whose；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 where（地点状语），when（时间状语），why（原因状语）。
语法知识拓展
一、选择适当的关系代词或关系副词把下列句子补充完整。 1. His father died in the year _________ he was born.
2. He is unlikely to find the place _________ he lived forty years ago. 3. Do you remember the day _________ you joined our club?
4. Recently I bought a beautiful vase _______ price was quite reasonable. 5. The reason _______ I came here is to get your help.
6. I got the book in a small bookstore, the name of ______ I cannot remember. 7. I will never forget the day ______ we first met. 8. Is this the factory _______ you once worked for?
9. Is that the reason _______ he gave for his terrible behavior?
10. The kind girl _______ shared her umbrella with me this morning turned out to be my boss.
二、用定语从句合并下列句子。
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1. Bamboo grows well in these places.
It’s warm and wet all year round in these places.
_________________________________________________________________________ 2. Shall we go shopping this weekend? I’ll have finished all my work by then.
_________________________________________________________________________ 3. Sandy is not a very popular singer, because of his strange way. He dances in a strange way.
__________________________________________________________________________ 4. Is there any reason?
They don’t agree with each other on anything.
__________________________________________________________________________ 5. How can I forget that birthday? I was caught cheating on that day.
__________________________________________________________________________
三、单项填空。
1. Do you know the reason Tom didn’t come yesterday?
A. which B. why C. who D. that
2. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town ______ he grew up as a child. A. which B. where C. that D. when 3. Is this the reason she gave for not finishing her homework yesterday? A. why B. for which C. that D. to which 4. After the war, a new school was put up ______ there had once been a theatre. A. that B. which C. when D. where 5. Do you know the reason ______ she got so angry yesterday? A. why B. that C. which D. whom 6. Do you believe the reason ______ he gave for his being late? A. why B. for which C. which D. it
7. He has got himself into a dangerous situation ______ he is likely to lose control over the plane. A. where B. which C. while D. when 8. I don’t like the way _____ you speak to her. A. which B. / C. of which D. by which 9. The old man told us _____ the days ______ he was poor were gone. A. that, when B. what, when C. when, that D. something, that
10. I shall never forget the day ____ Shenzhou V was launched, ____ has a great effect on my life. A. when; which B. that; which C. which; that D. when; that
11. I walked in the garden, ____ Tom and Jim were tying a big string onto one of the trees. A. which B. when C. where D .that 12. Let’s put off the picnic until next week, ______ the weather may be better. A. as B. then C. if D. when 13. We are living in an age many things are done on computer. A. which B. that C. whose D. when 14. Winter is the time of year _____ the days are short and nights are long.
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