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托福TPO阅读真题素材及译文：火星的表面
摘要： 托福TPO阅读真题素材及译文：火星的表面，托福TPO阅读真题是非常珍贵的复习材料和练习素材，考托福的考生要好好利用，尤其对于托福阅读不太好的同学，一定要多加练习。本文小马小编为各位考生准备了托福TPO阅读真题及译文：火星的表面，希望考生能够充分利用。
托福 TPO阅读真题素材及译文：The surface of Mars
第一段：
托福TPO阅读原文：
The surface of Mars shows a wide range of geologic features, including huge volcanoes-the largest known in the solar system-and extensive impact cratering. Three very large volcanoes are found on the Tharsis bulge, an enormous
geologic area near Mars’s equator. Northwest of Tharsis is the largest volcano of all: Olympus Mons, with a height of 25 kilometers and measuring some 700 kilometers in diameter at its base. The three large volcanoes on the Tharsis bulge are a little smaller-a “mere” 18 kilometers high.
托福TPO阅读翻译：
火星表面展示了很多种地理特征，包括巨大的火山——太阳系中已知的最大火山——以及覆盖范围很广的陨石坑。在塔尔西斯隆起——火星赤道附近的广阔地质区域——发现了三座非常大的火山。位于塔尔西斯西北的奥林帕斯山是其中最大的一座火山：25千米高，测得其基部直径大约有700千米。位于塔尔西斯隆起的三座大火山则略矮，高度“仅”达18千米。
第二段：
托福TPO阅读原文：
None of these volcanoes was formed as a result of collisions between plates of the Martian crust-there is no plate motion on Mars. Instead, they are shield volcanoes — volcanoes with broad, sloping slides formed by molten rock. All four show distinctive lava channels and other flow features similar to those found on shield volcanoes on Earth. Images of the Martian surface reveal many hundreds of volcanoes. Most of the largest volcanoes are associated with the Tharsis bulge, but many smaller ones are found in the northern plains.
托福TPO阅读翻译：
这些火山都不是因火星表面的板块碰撞而形成的——火星上并无板块运动。这些火山其实是盾状火山——一种由熔岩形成的斜面宽阔并且坡度平缓的火山。上述4座火山都具有非常明显的熔岩隧道以及其他流动特征，这与地球上的盾状火山相似。火星表面的图像显示那里存在成百上千的火山。那些最大的火山中的大部分都与塔尔西斯隆起有关，但是很多稍小的火山都分布在北部平原地区。
第三段：
托福TPO阅读原文：
The great height of Martian volcanoes is a direct consequence of the planet’s low surface gravity. As lava flows and spreads to form a shield volcano, the volcano’s eventual height depends on the new mountain’s ability to support its own weight. The lower the gravity, the lesser the weight and the greater the height of the mountain. It is no accident that Maxwell Mons on Venus and the Hawaiian shield volcanoes on Earth rise to about the same height (about 10
kilometers) above their respective bases-Earth and Venus have similar surface gravity. Mars’s surface gravity is only 40 percent that of Earth, so volcanoes rise roughly 2.5 times as high. Are the Martian shield volcanoes still active?
Scientists have no direct evidence for recent or ongoing eruptions, but if these volcanoes were active as recently as 100 million years ago (an estimate of the time of last eruption based on the extent of impact cratering on their slopes), some of them may still be at least intermittently active. Millions of years, though, may pass between eruptions.
托福TPO阅读翻译：
火星上火山的可观的高度是该行星(相对)较低的地表重力导致的直接结果。当熔岩流淌和蔓延以形成盾状火山时，这座火山的最终高度取决于这座新生的山承载自身重量的能力。重力越低，重量就越小，山的高度就越高。如金星上的麦克斯韦山与地球上的夏威夷盾状火山从它们各自的基部算起海拔高度相同(大约10千米高)就不是什么巧合——地球与金星的地表重力相当。火星表面重力只有地球的40%，因此火星上的火山高度大致是地球的2.5倍。火星上的盾状火山是否还处于活跃期?科学家们没有直接证据显示这些火山近期是否喷发过，或是否正处于喷发阶段，但是如果这些火山近期的活跃状态一如一千万年前那般(这一最近的爆发期是根据火山斜坡上陨石坑的范围估算出来的)，它们当中的几个也许至少仍然会保持间歇性的活跃。然而，两次爆发之间也许间隔数百万年之久。
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