Unit 8 – Section A
? Language Focus – Words in Use
1. The main task for the troop there is not fighting but (arresting) the progress of the enemy army and waiting for reinforcements (援兵).
2. He always anxiously summarizes the concessions which he has made but he almost always (omits) to mention those offered by the other party.
3. She was an excellent teacher, whose (optional) courses on women's writing were very popular among the students.
4. It will be up to the doctor's judgment whether or not the organ can be successfully (transplanted) to the child who has been waiting for it.
5. Teachers can no longer use their past experiences to prepare students for their future career; (hence) , our young people need to rely on themselves.
6. Accurate and inaccurate information is mixed so naturally that there are no reliable ways to tell what has been (twisted) and what has not.
7. That wealthy lady's demand on a premarital agreement greatly (stung) her future husband's pride, and it ended up with his refusal to get married.
8. When I opened the album, I carefully examined every photograph in (minute) detail by wearing my reading glasses so as not to miss anything.
9. It seems that James has a talent for acting because he can (imitate) different teachers' speeches perfectly, which really amazes his classmates.
10. Smoking is compared to self-poisoning and self-destroying, thus making the (evil) effects of smoking cigarettes truly alarming.
? Word Building 1. interfere 2. thrill 3. scarcely 4. specifically 5. consume 6. deceive 7. invade 8. proceed 1. interference 2. thriller 3. scarce 4. specific
5. consumption / consumer 6. deception
7. invasion / invader 8. procession
1. Multinational corporations protested strongly against any unreasonable (interference) by some countries in the free marketplace.
2. At the time a real threat of a(n) (invasion) of the British Isles existed, so the British troops were gathered around the coastline to get ready to fight against an invading fleet.
3. (Consumption) is relatively low, and it shows that the economic problem in the country stems from the dangerous side effects of careless politics and widespread poverty.
4. The wedding (procession) was of an enormous size and enormous splendor, which was started homeward and followed by a large banquet at a luxury hotel.
5. When doing writing exercises for that English course, students should remember that they are writing according to (specific) structures.
6. Among close family and good friends, (deception) is the worst part of life, and we believe in practicing good faith and honesty.
7. Jobs are (scarce) at the moment, so you should be realistic in your choices about the pay, working hours, medical benefits, bonuses, etc.
8. The writer was thinking about writing some kind of (thrillers) because it would help him become popular through making his plot more attractive to the young.
? Banked Cloze The animal rights movement is a social movement which seeks an end to using animals in the research, food, clothing, and entertainment industries, (1) (hence) being called animal liberation. It advocates the idea that the most basic interests of non-human creatures should be (2) (afforded) the same consideration as those of human beings.
Advocates (3) (lobby) for animal rights from different aspects, ranging from the focus on animal suffering in laboratories to the argument that (4) (insists) on not casting animals as properties of human beings. Despite the different approaches, advocates broadly (5) (consent) to the opinion that animals should be viewed as non-human members of the moral community and should be (6) (omitted) from being food, clothing, entertainment, or research subjects. The idea of (7) (awarding) rights to animals wins the support of several prominent scholars.
However, some critics argue that animals are unable to enter into a social contract or moral (8) (compass) and for that reason cannot be granted rights. Only humans have duties and, therefore, only humans have rights. There is nothing wrong or (9) (evil) about using animals as resources so long as there is no unnecessary suffering. From within the animal rights movement itself, there has also been (10) (criticism) of certain forms of animal rights activism, in particular the destruction of fur farms and animal laboratories.
? Language Focus – Expressions in Use
1. Some people have (persisted in) a traditional view that language learning is essentially the same as the learning of grammar or language rules.
2. Regular review of the teaching material in school ensures that the courses provided (have relevance to) the workplace and what students will do in the future.
3. Job opportunities are expanding rapidly, and more and more people are (becoming aware of) online chances that allow them to work at home.
4. They have put old women in nursing \and then complained that they had lost their mental abilities.
5. Some organizations are exploiting local people (in the name of) scientific research: They are collecting genetic material for commercial purposes.
6. Day care centers for the elderly (make a contribution) to overall public service; they did a lot to make the life of the old active, valuable and meaningful.
7. The policeman has (been occupied with) extra duties, so he would not have the time either for answering questions or being interviewed.
8. What the chairman said did not (tip the scales) much to his advantage; his statement can be
only considered as a slim chance for gaining approval.
? Translation ?
? 英译汉
The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international non-governmental organization working on issues regarding the conservation, research and restoration of the environment. The organization was originally named the World Wildlife Fund in 1961. In 1986, it changed its name to World Wide Fund for Nature to better reflect the scope of its activities. With over five million supporters worldwide, it is the world's largest independent conservation organization, working in more than 100 countries and supporting about 1,300 conservation and environmental projects. Its mission is to stop destroying the planet's natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature. Currently, much of its work focuses on the conservation of oceans and coasts, forests, and freshwater. Among other issues, it is also concerned with endangered species, pollution and climate change. They now need, above all, money to carry out its missions and handle conservation emergencies.
世界自然基金会（WWF）是一个致力于有关保护、研究和修复环境议题的国际性非政府组织。该组织最初于1961年被命名为世界野生动物基金会。1986年，它更名为世界自然基金会，以更好地反映其活动范围。它是世界上最大的、独立的自然保护组织，拥有世界各地超过500万的支持者，在100多个国家开展工作，并援助约1,300个与自然和环境保护有关的项目。它的任务是阻止破坏地球的生态环境，建立一个能使人类与自然和谐相处的未来。目前，其大部分工作都集中在对海洋和海岸、森林、淡水的保护。在其他问题上，它也关注濒危物种，污染和气候变化。现在他们最需要的是资金，以履行其使命和处理与自然保护有关的突发事件。
? 汉译英
新中国成立以来，特别是改革开放以来，中国政府在生态环境(eco-environmental) 保护方面做出了大量努力，取得了有效进展。政府采取了一系列保护和改善生态环境的重大举措，譬如积极推进重点生态工程，加强生态系统建设(ecosystem) 及生物多样性保护(biodiversity conservation)，建立了一批自然保护区(nature reservation)、生态示范区(ecological demonstration zones)、风景名胜区和森林公园。加强生态环境的保护和建设，实现人与自然和谐相处，是构建社会主义和谐社会（harmonious society）的重要目标之一。环境保护和生态文明建设为中国经济、社会的可持续发展提供了坚实的基础。
Since the founding of New China, especially since the economic reform and door-opening to the world, the Chinese government has made considerable efforts in eco-environmental protection and achieved effective progress. The government has taken a series of important measures to protect and improve the ecological environment, such as actively promoting key ecological projects, enhancing ecosystem construction and biodiversity conservation, establishing a number of nature reservations, ecological demonstration zones, scenic spots and forest parks. One of the important goals of building a socialist harmonious society is to strengthen ecological protection and construction and to achieve harmony between man and nature. Environmental protection and ecological civilization construction have provided a solid foundation for the sustainable development of China's economy and society.
Unit 8 – Section B
? Understanding the text 1 D 2 A 3 C 4 C 5 D 6 B 7 D 8 C
? Language Focus – Words in Use
1. The people in the neighboring house complained loudly as Mr. Hudson used an electrical screwdriver, which (emitted) a loud, continuous noise at midnight.
2. After the murderer fired his first shot, a Secret Service agent who guarded Johnson (shoved) him to the floor and lay over him.
3. John did not know how long he had been sleeping but woke up hungry and decided to (sneak) into the kitchen for something to eat.
4. The eagle became the national (symbol) of the country when the American leaders approved the design of the Great Seal of the United States.
5. The old woman was cold, tired and aching; her bedding hadn't been thick enough and she'd been (wakened) several times during the night.
6. The standard of health in the large towns still (lagged) behind the country as a whole, in spite of substantial improvements during the last decade.
7. I suggested that we not only give up the two companies but also (ditch) any other business involved in soft drinks.
8. On New Year's Eve, the (countdown) to the New Year was such an exciting attraction that many people who gathered in the square were shouting until a big cheer exploded.
9. She was (discharged) from the hospital, apparently fit and well, and had five years of an active, happy life before she died without much pain or distress from cancer.
10. Brian got injured in his right shoulder while playing basketball last week, so he (rotated) his shoulders as he drove, trying to ease the pain.
? Language Focus – Expressions in Use
1. You will then be asked to fill (out) a loan application form with information such as your name and address, where you work, your income, etc.
2. Whenever we were faced with a problem that we are unable to solve, they would provide us (with) a simple act of kindness for a solution, which surely lifted our spirits.
3. Union negotiators and top management have been talking about salary increase, but neither party wants to give (in) to the demands of the other.
4. Crew members are rotated (between) areas on a daily basis so that they can become skilled in all types of the work required at this job, a very effective way of job training.
5. The money will be deducted (from) your current account within a few days of your purchase, just like a check, but so much easier.
6. When we were passing a small town, we enjoyed being put up for the night in the dark farmhouse that smelled (of) roasted bread and wonderful coffee.
7. No matter what the world community would think, in my opinion, any independent country should have the right to defend itself (with) all legal means.
8. During his exploration in the mountains, the strong wind rolled him (over) and drove him down again even before he could have time to take a breath.