题型组合练(三十一) 阅读理解＋语法填空
＋短文改错
Ⅰ.阅读理解
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
A
(2019·福建三校高三联考)Air pollution shortens human lives by more than a year，according to a new study from a team of leading environmental engineers and public health researchers.Better air quality could lead to a significant extension of lifespans(寿命) around the world.
It is the first time that data on air pollution and the lifespan has been studied together in order to check how air pollution affects overall life expectancy.
The researchers looked at outdoor air pollution from particulate matter (PM) (颗粒物) smaller than 2.5 microns.These particulates can enter deep into the lungs，and breathing PM 2.5 is associated with the increased risk of heart attacks，strokes and cancer.PM 2.5 pollution comes from power plants，cars and trucks，fires，agriculture and industrial emissions(排放物).
Led by Joshua Apte，the team used data from the Global Burden of Disease Study to measure PM 2.5 air pollution exposure and its consequences in 185 countries.They then quantified the national impact on life expectancy for each individual country as well as on a global scale.
“The fact that air pollution is a major global killer is already well-known，” said Apte.“And we all care about how long we can live.Here，we were able to systematically identify how air pollution shortens lives around the world.What we found is that air pollution has a very large effect on survival—on average about a year globally.”
In the context of other significant phenomena negatively affecting human survival rates，Apte said this is a big number.“For example，it's considerably larger than the benefit in survival we might see if we found cures for both lung and breast cancer combined，” he said.“In countries like India and China，the benefit for elderly people of improving air quality would be especially large.For much of Asia，if air pollution were removed as a risk for death，60-year-olds would have a 15 percent to 20 percent higher chance of living to age 85 or older.”
1．What do we know about PM 2.5 ? A．It has a bad effect on human health. B．It will be controlled in the future. C．It mainly comes from industrial emissions. D．It spreads to the world from Asian countries.
2．What did the researchers do to study how air pollution affects the lifespan?
A．They collected accurate information from all the Asian countries.
B．They employed the research data to calculate the effect. C．They studied the disease and lifespan together time and time again.
D．They measured particulate matter much more carefully than
before.
3．What can be inferred from the text?
A．The key to people living longer is good air quality.
B．People think air pollution is the most dangerous killer to them. C．Apte will agree that people should take action to deal with air pollution.
D．Factories should decrease the production of cars to stop air pollution.
4．What is the best title for the text?
A．The way human beings enjoy a longer lifespan B．The importance of getting rid of air pollution C．Asian people are suffering from serious air pollution D．Air pollution reduces the lifespan by more than one year 体裁：说明文 题材：环境保护 主题：空气污染导致人的寿命减少一年以上
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。研究表明，良好的空气质量有益于延长寿命，但是空气污染易导致细颗粒物进入人体肺部，导致心脏病、癌症、中风发病率升高，从而影响人的寿命。
1．解析：细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“These particulates can enter deep into the lungs，and breathing PM 2.5 is associated with the increased risk of heart attacks，strokes and cancer”可知，PM 2.5影响人体健康，故A项正确。
答案：A
2．解析：细节理解题。根据第二段“It is the first time that data on air pollution and the lifespan has been studied together in order to check how air pollution affects overall life expectancy”可知，这是首次
将空气污染和寿命数据结合起来研究，以查明空气污染如何影响总体预期寿命。故B项正确。
答案：B
3．解析：推理判断题。根据尾段的内容，尤其是“In countries like India and China，the benefit for elderly people of improving air quality would be especially large”可知，Apte认为改善空气质量对老年人有好处；据此可推知，他会同意人们采取措施应对空气污染，故C项正确。
答案：C
4．解析：标题判断题。通读全文可知，文章第一段第一句“Air pollution shortens human lives by more than a year，according to a new study from a team of leading environmental engineers and public health researchers”为全文的主题句，结合全文内容可知，文章通过介绍科学研究，说明空气污染导致人的寿命减少一年以上。故D项最适合作本文的标题。
答案：D
B
(2019·长沙四校高三模拟)A tiny Alaska village has experienced a boom in tourism in recent years as polar bears spend more time on land than on Arctic sea ice.
More than 2，000 people visited the northern Alaska village of Kaktovik in 2018 to see polar bears in the wild.The far north community lies in an area where increasingly higher temperature has sped up the movement of sea ice，the primary habitat (栖息地) of polar bears.As ice has gradually moved to deep water beyond the continental shelf，more bears are remaining on land to look for food.
Polar bears have always been a common sight on sea ice near Kaktovik，but villagers started noticing a change in the mid-1990s.More bears seemed to stay on land，and researchers began taking note of more female bears making homes in the snow on land instead of on the ice to raise their babies.US Fish and Wildlife Service biologists began hearing reports of the increasing number of polar bears in the area in the early 2000s.As more attention was given to the plight (困难) of polar bears about a decade ago，more tourists started heading to Kaktovik.
The village had fewer than 50 visitors annually before 2011，said Jennifer Reed，of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.“Today we're talking about hundreds and hundreds of visitors，many from around the world each year，”Reed said.Most tourists visit in the fall，when bears are forced toward land because sea ice is farthest away from the shore.Bruce Inglangasak，a local hunter who sometimes offers wildlife-viewing tours，said he's been offering polar bear tours since 2004.Most of his clients(客户) are from China and Europe，as well as from the lower 48 US states.Many tourists stay several days in the village，which has two small hotels.The villagers have benefited a lot from that.In turn，they provide more effective protection for polar bears with financial support from tourism development.
5．What causes more polar bears to stay on land in Kaktovik? A．Food shortage. B．Climate change.
C．Habitats' movement to shore. D．Their preference for land.